<p>Star Theatre, also known as Partridge Hall, is a shop/meeting hall/theater built in 1878 in Argyle, Wisconsin, in Lafayette County, Wisconsin, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>Alanson Partridge was a carpenter who moved from New York to Wisconsin in 1856. In 1878 he built the north wing of the building, with his carpentry shop on the first floor and a large hall above. It was called Partridge Hall, and rented for meetings, dances, and meals. Partridge himself sponsored some events like a Christmas Ball, and advertised it with barkers in the streets. Partridge advocated temperance, so alcohol was not served there. Some time after 1881 he added the south wing.</p><br>
<p>The building is two stories, frame covered with clapboards. Most of the windows have curved tops and the east gable is decorated with a bell-shaped fascia. The hall on the second floor had a stage.</p><br>
<p>In 1908 Partridge sold his hall to Argyle&#39;s Modern Woodmen of America. They continued to rent out the hall, and it remained a social center of the community, hosting meetings, proms, lectures, roller skating, and basketball games. In 1920 the hall was renamed the Star Theatre, and began to show motion pictures: silent films and talkies.</p><br>
<p>In 1945 the movies stopped and the building sat idle. For a while it was used as a hatchery. Around 1980 it was restored to house shops and a restaurant.</p><br>
<p>Chatsworth Community Church is a Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument in the Chatsworth section of Los Angeles, California.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The church was built in 1903 using volunteer labor. It was also used as the community&#39;s high school from 1906&ndash;1908. It was a center of community life in the early days of Chatsworth, serving as a haven from floods and fires.</p><br>
<p>In 1958, its name was changed to the Chatsworth First Methodist Church.</p><br>
<p>After the church was closed in 1963, it was left vacant and became the victim of vandalism. The church was "the last remaining community building" of old Chatsworth, and became threatened by development.</p><br>
<p>In January 1963, it became only the fourteenth site to be designated as a Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument. In order to save it from demolition, the Chatsworth Historical Society raised $19,725 to move the church in 1965 from its original location at 10051 Topanga Canyon Boulevard to its present site on the grounds of Oakwood Memorial Park.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>The building was saved, moved, and restored through the efforts of the Chatsworth Historical Society. The Oakwood Memorial Park Association allowed the building to be moved to the northwest corner of the cemetery and since November 15, 1981, the building has been occupied by the congregation of St. Mary the Virgin Anglican-Rite Catholic Church. On February 22, 1984, the Don Jose de Ortega Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution presented a bronze plaque to the church marking the building’s place in California history. They also presented an American Flag and a California Flag which rest on standards in the nave.</p><br>
<p>In 1982, The Right Reverend James Orin Mote, Bishop of the Los Angeles Diocese, consecrated the building for the Anglican-Rite Catholic Church.</p><br>
<p>The Orcutt Ranch Horticulture Center, formally known as Rancho Sombra del Roble, is a Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument  located in the West Hills section of Los Angeles, California, USA.</p><br>
<h2>William Orcutt's vacation home</h2><br>
<p>Orcutt Ranch was the vacation and retirement estate of William Warren Orcutt, an early pioneer of oil production in California and the discoverer of one of the first prehistoric skeletons at the La Brea Tar Pits. The Rancho Sombra del Roble, Spanish for "Ranch of the Shaded Oak", was originally a 210 acre cattle ranch and citrus orchard at the foot of the Simi Hills. Orcutt bought the property in 1917,</p><br>
<h2>Acquisition and operation by the City</h2><br>
<p>A 24 acre portion of the original estate, including the residence, gardens, oaks and citrus orchard, was designated as a Historic-Cultural Monument in January 1965. Those 24 acre were purchased by the City of Los Angeles in 1966 for $400,000. The 24 acre city-owned property includes a Spanish-style adobe residence, extensive gardens, oak trees hundreds of years old, Dayton Creek, nature trails, fruit orchards, rose gardens, community garden plots, picnic tables and a multitude of exotic trees, plants and shrubs. For 53 years (1927&ndash;1980), Ernest Conrejo was employed as the property&#39;s caretaker and gardener. Cornejo was hired at age 17 to plant and tend to the exotic trees and plants; he continued in that job until he was ousted at age 70 from his lifetime home by the city.</p><br>
<p>The Los Angeles Recreation and Parks Department operates Orcutt Ranch, which is available to be rented for special events. It is also opened up for popular public fruit picks.</p><br>
<p>240 Centre Street, formerly the New York City Police Headquarters building, between Broome and Grand Streets in the Nolita neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City, was built in 1905-1909, and was designed by the firm of Hoppin & Koen. It housed the headquarters of the New York City Police Department from 1909 to 1973, and was converted into luxury condominiums in 1988 by the firm of Ehrenkranz Group & Eckstut. It is now known as the Police Building Apartments.</p><br>
<p>The building at 240 Centre Street replaced an older building nearby on Mulberry Street, where Theodore Roosevelt had served as New York City Police Commissioner. Following the 1898 consolidation of the five boroughs into the city of "Greater New York", the police department also expanded and needed a new headquarters building.</p><br>
<p>The Police Building was designated a New York City landmark in 1978, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>Tule Springs Ranch and the remaining buildings are listed as a district on the United States National Register of Historic Places in Las Vegas, Nevada. Part of the area is included in the Tule Springs Archaeological Site and is listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places. The building are part of the Floyd Lamb Park at Tule Springs which is operated by the City of Las Vegas.</p><br>
<p>Located about 20 miles from the Strip off USA Highway 95 north.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The ranch district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on September 23, 1981.</p><br>
<p>The first establishment at Tule Springs may have been the USA Hotel owned by a Mr. Levandowski (ca. 1905). In 1916 a Mormon settler, Bert Nay, filed for water rights on the site. Nay sold the ranch to Gilbert Hefner in 1928, who owned the property until 1941 when he sold it to Sheriff Gene Ward, who in turn sold it to Prosper Jacob Goumond. Most of the buildings on the ranch date from the 1940s, when Goumond was developing the Tule Springs Ranch into a "divorce ranch."</p><br>
<p>The Partridge Island, part of the Partridge Island Group, is an 103 hectare island that lies close to the south-eastern coast of Tasmania, Australia. The island is situated in the D&#39;Entrecasteaux Channel, between Bruny Island and the mainland of Tasmania and is part of the South Bruny National Park.</p><br>
<p>The other islands in the Partridge Island Group are:</p><br>
<p>Arch Rock</p><br>
<p>Charity Island</p><br>
<p>Curlew Island</p><br>
<p>Faith Island</p><br>
<p>Garden Island</p><br>
<p>Hope Island</p><br>
<p>Huon Island</p><br>
<p>Satellite Island</p><br>
<p>Seagull Rock</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>The vegetation is mainly dry eucalypt forest with a grassy understorey. Little penguins breed on the island. The endangered forty-spotted pardalote is present. European rabbits were introduced to the island but have since been eradicated. The eastern blue-tongued lizard has been recorded.</p><br>
<h2>Acquisition</h2><br>
<p>The island was privately owned and purchased from Dibbern estate on 8 January 1974 by Richard Ham, a Melbourne doctor, for $50,000. Dr Ham intended to establish an Outward Bound-style sailing school. On 16 May 1975, an inspector from the Department of Lands arrived on Partridge Island and presented Dr Ham with a letter indicating that the Tasmanian Government intended to resume the island. Today, Partridge Island is administered by the Tasmanian Parks and Wildlife Service as part of the South Bruny National Park. Since acquisition, the island&#39;s maintenance has been neglected. Blackberries and English ivy have invaded the bush and the jetty has become hazardous. In 1998 volunteers removed approximately 4 to 5 MT of washed-up rubbish.</p><br>
<p>The Pioneers, also known as Pioneers, is a bronze sculpture in Central Park in Elmwood, Illinois. The sculpture is one of several works by Lorado Taft in Elmwood, his birthplace. Taft was a prominent Chicago-based sculptor with a national reputation for his monuments and fountains, including works designed for the 1893 Columbian Exposition. He donated The Pioneers to Elmwood under the condition that the city pay for its casting and mounting. The sculpture, which is 10 ft tall and weighs 3,500 lb, depicts a pioneer family. The family is looking westward, symbolizing the pioneers westward expansion, and the figures reflect the Midwestern realism of Tafts earlier works rather than the Renaissance-inspired idealism of his later sculptures. The sculpture was dedicated on May 27, 1928, and a public ceremony was held for the occasion.</p><br>
<p>The inscription below the statue reads:</p><br>
<p>The sculpture was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 4, 2001.</p><br>
<p>San Fernando Pioneer Memorial Cemetery, earlier known as Morningside Cemetery, is a cemetery in the Sylmar district of Los Angeles.</p><br>
<p>Located on a 3.8-acre (15,000 m²) site at the corner of Foothill Boulevard and Bledsoe Street, the Pioneer Cemetery was thought to be originally a 40-acre or 10-acre (400,000 m²) site. The cemetery was established in 1874 when Senator Charles Maclay created the Township of San Fernando. The last burial was most likely in 1939. The area&#39;s oldest cemetery being the San Fernando Mission Cemetery, which began operating in approximately 1800.</p><br>
<p>Until recently, it was erroneously thought that over 700 residents were buried there between approximately 1892 and 1939. Due to heavy vandalism, there are only 13 tombstones remaining. After the cemetery was determined to be legally abandoned in 1959, it was acquired by the Native Daughters of the Golden West, San Fernando Mission Chapter #280, renamed and maintained as a pioneer memorial park. Edith Reber, a longtime resident of Sylmar and an active member of the Chamber, for many years ran a volunteer effort to maintain the grounds with the help of local volunteer groups. In 2002, the Native Daughters gave the cemetery to the San Fernando Valley Historical Society. The Society has made many improvements to the property, including installing a memorial brick entrance and opening the cemetery to the public one day a month on the third Saturday. The Society also commissioned a ground penetrating radar survey in 2010 that located only 214 gravesites, which scientifically contradicted the long-standing belief that more graves were present. While ground penetrating radar may not be infallible, the likelihood that over 700 people were buried there is slim. Through volunteer researchers, nearly 200 death certificates citing Morningside Cemetery have been located. The Society continues to do research in an effort to correct the historical inaccuracies which unfortunately continue to be repeated by media, amateur historians, gravers, and others interested in the old cemetery. It is located on what is currently the corner of Foothill Boulevard and Bledsoe Street.</p><br>
<p>It was listed as a Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument in 1993. As "San Fernando Cemetery", it is a California Historical Landmark.</p><br>
<p>The Milwaukee Road Depot in Marinette, Wisconsin was built in 1903 by the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad  to replace an earlier depot.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>The depot is a one story rectangular structure in the Queen Anne style. An open, covered area is located at one end of the depot. The depot originally had two passenger waiting areas, a womens waiting room at one end and the mens waiting room and freight room at the other. The station agent&#39;s office was located between the two waiting rooms. The depot was designed by J. U. Nettenstrom, a staff architect from the railroad. Nettenstrom also designed other depots in Wisconsin.</p><br>
<p>The railroads first entered Wisconsin for the lumber. Before the railroads, lumber had to be shipped by boat. Railroads allowed for the year-round harvesting of timber. The early economy of Marinette was based on the lumber industry. The Milwaukee Road entered Marinette in 1883. It built a spur from the mainline at Crivitz, Wisconsin to Marinette and Menominee, Michigan.</p><br>
<p>As the number of passengers declined on the Milwaukee Road after World War II, it ceased passenger trains to Marinette and Menominee. The depot was served by buses from Crivitz. The depot continued to serve freight. In 1985, The Milawaukee Road went out of business and sold the rail line and depot to the Escanaba and Lake Superior Railroad (E&LS). The E&LS continued to use the depot as an office until 2004. The land was sold in order to build a drugstore and to realign the city street. The depot was sold to a developer who moved it 400 feet to the south of its original position. The depot is still located adjacent to the E&LS tracks, thus preserving its setting. The developer plans to remodel the depot and make it into offices.</p><br>
<p>The depot was listed in the National Register of Historic Places because of its architecture and also because of its association with the commercial development of Marinette and with the railroad&#39;s association with the development of the timber industry.</p><br>
<p>The Gries Glacier  is a 5 km long glacier  situated in the Lepontine Alps in the canton of Valais in Switzerland. In 1973 it had an area of 6.23 km. In 2008 it had an area of 5.26 km.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Griesgletscher as well as the many surrounding Swiss Alpine glaciers have played an important role in the cultural and economic development of the Swiss Alps. During the Second World War owing to its proximity to the Swiss/Italian frontier the Swiss Army constructed a series of look-out posts and foxholes to reinforce this relatively undefined border area and as part of Switzerland hydro-electric building programme. A dam was built in front of the glacier, however the resulting dam contributed to the increased retreat of the glacier thanks to the glacier becoming decoupled from the bedrock as water levels in the dam increased.</p><br>
<h2>Scientific research</h2><br>
<p>Over the years there has been a great deal of scientific research undertaken on Griesgletscher thanks to its accessibility and its unique ability to display a wide range of glaciological features within such a small manageable area. Some of the first studies of Griesgletcher were undertaken by M.J. Hambrey and were published in 1977 and 1980. The first was an investigation into the structures of ice cliffs at the snout of Griesgletscher. Griesgletscher was described as being relatively simple in shape, yet the structures being complex in detail. The 1980 study was on the dynamics and structure in which the velocity, rate of ice deformation with movement, and cumulative strains at various points on the glacier were investigated to determine how the glacier behaved as it moved. Other scientific research has been climate/glacier based in which the amount of glacier melting was correlated to local climatic variables such as sunlight, humidity, wind direction.</p><br>
<h2>Other geological and scientific features</h2><br>
<p>However, Griesgletscher has been rapidly retreating over the last decade – a retreat that has been monitored through extensive geological and glaciological research.</p><br>
<p>The glacier, despite its size, is one of the most interesting and most widely studied in the Swiss Alps and during the last Ice Age was the source of a large tributary glacier that once fed into the main glacier that once flowed down the valley known today as Goms</p><br>
<p>The glacier has a very well developed supra glacial and sub glacial drainage system, which becomes very evident during the summer months and before the recent rapid glacial retreat the glacier terminated in the man-made dam, with high ice cliffs.</p><br>
<p>Surface features include glacial moraines as the glacier releases debris that has been eroded and then entrained by the glacier.</p><br>
<p>The profile of the glacier is a very convex terminus, which progresses into a very gentle concave mid profile with very crevassed ice field near to the upper accumulation zone - an area which is highly dangerous and difficult to traverse.</p><br>
<p>The Arolla Glacier  is a 4 km long glacier  situated in the Pennine Alps in the canton of Valais in Switzerland. In 1973 it had an area of 13.17 km&sup2;.</p><br>
<p>The Glacier dArolla is in fact composed of two glacier: the Glacier du Mont Collon and the Haut Glacier dArolla.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Glacier du Mont Collon has a length of almost 5 km and a width of about 1 km at the top. It covers an area of 7 km&sup2;. It begins on the tips of Oren (3525 m) and flows north through a corridor bordered by the Little Mount Collon (3,556 m) and Bishop (3716 m) west, and Mont Collon in the east. It is connected to the west by the glacial Otemma Chermotane Pass (3050 m), a wide passage covered with ice. On the west side of Mount Collon, the glacier undergoes a vertical drop of 600 meters with a slope of 60%.</p><br>
<h2>Bas Glacier</h2><br>
<p>The part that follows this steep descent is called "Bas Arolla glacier." It continues for about 1 kilometer to the north and the ice tongue stops at an altitude of 2160 meters (status 2007). The glacier emerges from the Borgne dArolla which then joins the Borgne Ferpècle then flows into the Val dHerens before confluence with the Rhone plain.</p><br>
<h2>Haut Glacier d'Arolla</h2><br>
<p>In the valley located east of Mount Collon is the "Haut Glacier d&#39;Arolla," with a length of 4 km and a width of 1 km. Its area is 5 km&sup2;. It originates from the snowfields hanging north of Mount Brulé (or Mount Braoulé, 3585 m) and then descends with a slope of 12 to 15% towards the northwest and then north. The glacier tongue ends at an altitude of 2550 m (status 2007).</p><br>
<p>The Giétro Glacier or Giétroz Glacier  is a 4 km long valley glacier located in south-western Switzerland. The 1818 Giétro Glacier catastrophe, which led to lake outburst flood, is one of the most famous and most disastrous historical cases in the Swiss Alps.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Giétro Glacier lies on the northern side of the Pennine Alps in the Swiss canton of Valais. It is located in the upper Bagnes Valley, south of Martigny and Verbier. The length of the glacier is 4.55 km (1979) and its area is 5.85 km (1979).</p><br>
<p>The glacier is fed by the snows of Mont Blanc de Cheilon (3,870 m) and La Ruinette (3,875 m). On the upper part, the glacier is relatively flat. It descends to the north on the side of Mont Rouge du Giétro and then curves to the west between Le Pleureur and Mont Rouge. On the lower part, the glacier reaches a steepness of 40% forming a large number of crevasses. The terminus is located at about 2,600 metres. Part of the glacier is linked to the Cheilon Glacier through the Col du Cheilon (3,243 m). The water generated by the glacier ends in the Lake Mauvoisin (artificial lake) and then reaches the Dranse de Bagnes, a tributary of the Rhone.</p><br>
<h2>Glacier catastrophes</h2><br>
<p>The Giétro Glacier is known to have caused many deaths in the valley during historical times. A first glacial lake outburst flood was recorded in 1595, causing 140 deaths. More recently in 1818 a similar lake outburst flood occurred killing 44 people. In the latter case a hole was drilled through the glacier to limit the level of waters.</p><br>
<p>After an increase of the glacier during the "Year Without a Summer", an ice cone started to form in 1816 in the valley. It was created by the accumulation of the falling seracs of the terminus. A lake was formed but it emptied on 27 May 1817 without causing any fatalities. In April 1818 the lake measured about 2 km in length. On 10 May 1818, the engineer Ignaz Venetz was called by the canton. To stop the rapid rise of waters, he decided to drill a hole through the ice. The work began one day later. A tunnel was drilled from the two sides, about 20 metres above the level of the lake. An avalanche of ice occurred on 18 May but without any casualties. A secondary tunnel was then drilled for safety reasons. A week later the level of the lake reached 10 metres below the tunnel. On 27 May an enormous piece of ice detached itself from the cone in the lake and floated to the surface while making terrible noise; everybody escaped. They went back to work two days later. The 198 metre-long hole was completed on 4 June. Other large pieces of ice detached from the cone and floated back. The waters finally reached the level of the hole on 13 June, 22:00. They continued to rise until 14 June, when the level of the lake began to fall because of the erosion of the hole by the waterfall. Some water also ran out from the base of the cone. Only two men stayed in place; Venetz warned the inhabitants of the valley of the danger. On the morning of 16 June, terrible noises and violent detonations were heard. The cone began to crack. A group of British tourists and a drawer from Lausanne visited the place with Venetz. In the afternoon, Venetz and the workers escaped to the heights of Fionnay.</p><br>
<p>Finally, at 16:30, the dam broke and 18 million m of water invaded the valley. Half an hour later the lake was empty. The flood reached the village of Bagnes 10 minutes later; the alert was given to Martigny before 18:00, but too late. The wave invaded Martigny-Bourg a few minutes later. The rise of the waters was observed along the Rhone, at 19:00 in Saint-Maurice and at 23:00 on Lake Geneva.</p><br>
<p>St. Peter&#39;s Church is a historic Episcopal church near Talleysville, Virginia, United States. Built in 1703, the church was designated as "The First Church of the First First-Lady" by the Virginia General Assembly in 1960 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1969. It was designated a National Historic Landmark on March 2, 2012, as an exceptionally well-preserved colonial-era church.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>St. Peters Church was established in New Kent County, Virginia, on April 29, 1679. Construction began in 1701 (at a cost of 146,000 weight of tobacco, and was complete by 1703. The steeple was erected 12 years later. The builder of nearby Fosters Castle, Colonel Joseph Foster, was a vestryman and supervised construction at St. Peter&#39;s Church.</p><br>
<p>Another vestryman, Colonel Daniel Parke Custis, married Martha Dandridge in June 1749. She became a widow after only eight years of marriage. On January 6, 1759, the Rector of St. Peter&#39;s, Rev. David Mossom, united Martha Custis and Colonel George Washington in marriage. Debate ensues over the exact location of the marriage; some believe it occurred within the church while others believe it took place a few miles away at the White House Plantation on the Pamunkey River.</p><br>
<p>Following the American Revolution and disestablishment of what had become the Episcopal Church and confiscation of vacant glebes in 1802 legislation, this church was abandoned and fell into disrepair. Sometime around 1820, Presbyterians started worshiping at the church. Episcopalian services began again in 1843. Both denominations shared the church, alternating weeks, until 1865.</p><br>
<p>Because of its central location in New Kent County about 30 miles from Richmond, the church suffered greatly during the Civil War. Union soldiers stabled their horses in the pews and carved their names in the brick exterior. On October 23, 1869 General Robert E. Lee wrote “St. Peters is the church where General Washington was married and attended in early life. It would be a shame to America if allowed to go to destruction.” His son, General William Henry Fitzhugh Lee oversaw the partial restoration in 1872.</p><br>
<p>After being designated as “The First Church of the First First-Lady” by the Virginia General Assembly in 1960, restoration again began on the church with the assistance of architectural and ecclesiastic experts. The renovation included structural improvements to the church which required completely gutting the interior.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Constructed of brick laid in Flemish bond, St. Peter&#39;s measures 64 ft by 28 ft and is one story high. The gable roof has curvilinear gable ends; segmental arches appear over the windows of the church and the open arches of the tower which was added in the mid-eighteenth century replacing an earlier wooden belfry. The two-story brick tower is of Flemish bond with some glazing and has a pyramidal roof. The top of the tower is also decorated by four original stuccoed brick urns. A wing was added sometime before the Revolution but was removed in the middle of the nineteenth century.</p><br>
<p>The original south doorway and several windows had been bricked up but have been restored as have the curvilinear gable ends for which evidence was found in the fabric of the building during the 1940s and again during the restoration work of 1951-52. Much of the interior and exterior has been restored or replaced in what is thought to be its original condition.</p><br>
<p>The Palmer Woods Historic District is a residential historic district bounded by Seven Mile Road, Woodward Avenue, and Strathcona Drive in Detroit, Michigan. There are approximately 295 homes in the 188 acre district, which is between the City of Highland Park in Wayne County and the City of Ferndale in Oakland County. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. The Detroit Golf Club is nearby.</p><br>
<p>As of 2015 many of the wealthiest professionals in the City of Detroit live in Palmer Woods.</p><br>
<p>The district is 188 acre in size.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Palmer Woods Historic District is named after Thomas W. Palmer, a prominent citizen of nineteenth-century Detroit and a United States Senator. Palmer&#39;s estate included land on both sides of Woodward Avenue, stretching from Six Mile Road to Eight Mile Road. During his lifetime, Palmer donated some of his land to the city of Detroit to establish Palmer Park, and gave additional land to the state of Michigan to build the Michigan State Fairgrounds.</p><br>
<p>Palmer died in 1913; two years later, Detroit real-estate developer Charles W. Burton purchased the section of Palmer&#39;s estate that now encompasses the Palmer Woods Historic District.</p><br>
<p>Many Colonial Revival and Tudor Revival styled homes were constructed between about 1917 and 1929. After World War II, additional mansions were constructed.</p><br>
<p>In 2007 and 2008 there were around 24 residential properties that were vacant.</p><br>
<p>By 2011 the community established its own private security service.</p><br>
<p>By 2014, housing prices, which had previously declined, began to rebound.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Palmer Woods is known for its elm-lined streets, large brick and stone homes in Tudor Revival architecture, set back from the street behind contiguous uninterrupted lawn. Lots are large, with ample room for trees, play equipment, and a good expanse of grass. There may be Scottish coats of arms, leaded stained glass windows, and other features, such as elevators in some of the homes. Some of the properties boast more than one structure: such as a house and guest house, or maids&#39; quarters. Streets gently curve through the forested neighborhood.</p><br>
<p>Palmer Woods has its own security service and an active voluntary neighborhood association. The home of physicians, politicians, business owners, artists, executives and their families, the Palmer Woods neighborhood has attracted some of Detroits most prominent citizens. Charles W. Burton himself made his home in the neighborhood. Two of the seven Fisher Brothers (owners of Fisher Body), Alfred and William, also lived in the neighborhood. William Fishers house, on Wellesley, is 35,000 ft&sup2, one of the largest in Detroit. John H. Kunsky, the founder of United Artists theatres, also lived in the area.</p><br>
<p>Almost every house in Palmer Woods has unique architectural features, but a number are particularly important. At the southern edge of the district is the Dorothy H. Turkel House, the only house in Detroit designed by Frank Lloyd Wright. C. Howard Crane, the noted theater architect, designed the home of John H. Kunsky, incorporating many theater elements into the design. Minoru Yamasaki and Leonard B. Willeke also designed houses in the district.</p><br>
<h3>Bishop Gallagher House</h3><br>
<p>Probably the most significant home in the district is the 62-room Bishop Gallagher residence. The home was built for the Fisher Brothers in 1925, who hired the Boston firm of McGinnis and Walsh, specialists in ecclesiastical architecture, to design the Tudor Revival mansion. Upon completion, the Fishers gave the mansion to Bishop Michael Gallagher, of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Detroit. The 40,000 ft&sup2; home is the largest within the city of Detroit.</p><br>
<p>The two-story brick residence consists of a large central structure flanked by diagonal wings. There are numerous exterior bays, each topped with a parapet capped with masonry and a finial. Religious themes are included throughout the house, both on the exterior and the interior. On the exterior, medallions, shields and crests are set into the brickwork, and a copper statue of the Archangel Michael defeating Satan is prominent. The interior is finished with oak, stone and masonry. The house had, at one time, the largest collection of Pewabic glazed pottery tile in Michigan.</p><br>
<p>Bishop Gallagher lived in this home until his death in 1937. Subsequent archbishops of Detroit Cardinals Edward Mooney and John Francis Dearden also lived in the home. Upon Cardinal Dearden&#39;s death, the archdiocese sold the house to John Salley of the Detroit Pistons. Forbidden Fruits (2006), a movie produced by Marc Cayce, was filmed inside the Bishop Gallagher residence.</p><br>
<h2>Education</h2><br>
<p>Palmer Woods is within the Detroit Public Schools district. Residents are zoned to Palmer Park Preparatory Academy, formerly the Barbara Jordan School, for elementary and middle school. All residents are zoned to Mumford High School. Palmer Park is operated by teachers and not by a principal administrator.</p><br>
<h2>Notable residents</h2><br>
<p>Mike Duggan</p><br>
<p>Angariones  is a village in the Greek island of Lemnos, part of the municipal unit Nea Koutali. In 2011 its population was 116. It is situated in the western part of the island, 1.5 km north of Portianou, 2 km west of Nea Koutali, 4 km northeast of Kontias, 4 km west of the Lemnos Airport and 10 km east of Myrina.</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The village was first mentioned in 1396 in a codex of the Pantokratoros monastery as "Kariones". The German traveller Conze knew it as "Agrionis" in 1858. The strategic location of the village on a hill over the bay of Moudros made it very suitable as an observation point for the Byzantines. On the small hill "Paliokastro" there were watchtowers, used during the Orlov Revolt, that were known as the "Angariones Vigles". The name probably refers to "angaron pyr", the fire that the watchmen used to send signals.</p><br>
<p>Until the 20th century, Angariones has always been a very small village, with some farms and a small church of St. George. There were 25 families in 1862, it slowly rose to 28 in 1874. It was part of the community of Kontias. In 1928 it became an independent community with only 15 inhabitants, but the population grew with the arrival of refugees and landless people. It had 45 inhabitants in 1935. A water supply with a beautiful fountain was built, trees were planted and a school was opened. Cotton cultivation brought significant growth in the 1940s and 1950s, and the population reached its peak at 242 in 1951. It declined again due to emigration, and in 2011 its population was 116.</p><br>
<p>Poplar Island, located on the Chesapeake Bay was first encountered by Europeans in 1573 by Spanish explorer Juan Menendez de Marques. It is part of Talbot County, Maryland and is currently being rebuilt by the USA Army Corps of Engineers using dredged material from the Chesapeake Bays approach channels to Baltimore, located approximately 30 miles north/north-west of the island. As of January 2011, the projects total cost was estimated at $667 million. and is, according to schedule, going to be completed in the year 2029.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>English colonists began settling Poplar Island in the 1630s. It served as a campsite for British warships during the War of 1812.</p><br>
<p>The island had split into three pieces by the late 1800s. At that time, the larger piece was home to the town of Valliant, a community of about 100 residents, with its own post office, school, general store, and a sawmill. Its sawmill may have contributed to the island&#39;s erosion by cutting down trees, whose roots held the sandy soil together.</p><br>
<p>By 1920, the last permanent resident had left and the island became a hunting retreat. A clubhouse built on Poplar Island during the 1930s had two presidents among its vacationing guests: Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman. The clubhouse burned down in 1946.</p><br>
<p>Poplar Island&#39;s landmass covered more than 1,000 acres in 1847, shaped in a four-mile long crescent, bending around Jefferson Island (east). Erosion eventually reduced its landmass to less than 5 acres by 1990, most of which comprised its southern piece, Coaches Island. Four tiny fragments to the north of Coaches Island were known as North Point, Middle Poplar and South Poplar.</p><br>
<h3>Restoration with dredged material</h3><br>
<p>Federal and state officials selected Poplar Island in the 1990s as a dumping site for material dredged from the shipping channels approaching Baltimore (dredge soil from Baltimore Harbor is polluted and is not being used in Poplar Island). This would allow restoration of the island while keeping the Chesapeake&#39;s deep-draft shipping channels open, maintaining Baltimore as a major port, and halting the earlier practice of open-water dumping. The USA Army Corps of Engineers began reconstruction of the island in 1998 with the erection of dikes to contain the dredged material.</p><br>
<p>The USA Fish & Wildlife Service initiated the Poplar Island restoration project, because it was concerned about the accelerating loss of “remote island habitat” in the Chesapeake Bay and the damaging effect it was having on birds, waterfowl and other wildlife. Poplar Island was seen as a mutually beneficial project because Baltimore and the Corps of Engineers (the lead agencies in the project) needed a new place to put dredge spoils, and the FWS needed new land. The agencies cooperated under the slogan of “economy and environment,” since the project helps preserve the local economy (120,000 Maryland jobs depend on the port of Baltimore) while restoring precious habitat for the Chesapeake’s wildlife.</p><br>
<p>Hart Miller Island, another badly eroded island in the Chesapeake Bay, received dredged material over a 25-year period. By 2009, this island had been restored to 1,140 acres of wildlife habitat and recreation land.</p><br>
<p>Dredged material from shipping channels in the Chesapeake Bay may also be used to restore James Island, as part of the Mid-Bay Island Restoration Project. James Island, located at the mouth of the Little Choptank River, had eroded to three tiny fragments. The projects plans call for adding 2,000 acres to James Island with dredged material to restore the island to its historic footprint. However, work on James Island depends upon the projects inclusion in federal grants for the Water Resources Development Act; funding had not yet been approved as of March 2011.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife sanctuary</h2><br>
<p>Since its reconstruction with dredged material began in 1998, Poplar Island had grown to 1,140 acres by 2005. Plans call for the addition of another 575 acres. Half of the island&#39;s acreage will be turned into wetlands and half into uplands. The project will use 68 million cubic yards of dredged material protected by 35,000 feet of containment dikes, built with 75% federal funding and 25% state funding. Only "clean" material, dredged from approach channels, is being used on Poplar Island. The Poplar Island restoration project will not use material dredged from close to Baltimore, which may be contaminated with heavy metals.</p><br>
<p>The island is the home of approximately 175 different species of birds, including terns and osprey. More than 1,000 diamondback terrapins have been reported hatching annually on the island in recent years.</p><br>
<p>Chesapeake Bay biologists consider Poplar Island&#39;s restoration to be a huge success for the diamondback terrapins, a brackish water turtle — and Maryland’s “official state reptile.” Terrapins started laying eggs on the island almost as soon as construction workers started building the sand berms and beaches, and the island now hosts the nation’s largest terrapin research and propagation project. Terrapins here enjoy a nearly 99 percent survival rate (compared with 10 percent or less elsewhere) because there are no fox or raccoon, their major predators. This prompted the Fish and Wildlife Service to undertake an active environmental education and volunteer program on in the island, including the popular Terrapin Bay."</p><br>
<p>Both the Poplar Island and Hart-Miller Island restoration projects are overseen by, an independent Maryland State agency responsible for finding innovative solutions to the region’s most complex environmental challenges and preserving the region’s natural resources for generations to come.</p><br>
<p>The Kirzhach River  is a river in the Vladimir Oblast in Russia, a left tributary of the Klyazma River. The length of the river is 133 km. The area of its drainage basin is 1820 km². The Kirzhach River originates at the confluence of the Bolshoi Kirzhach River and the Maly Kirzhach River near Ivashevo Village. The river flows from north to south and empties into the Klyazma at Gorodishchi. The Kirzhach is a shallow river with a maximum depth of 4 m and a maximum width of 70 m. It is not navigable for larger vessels, however it is very popular for canoeing and kayaking. Its major tributary is the Sheredar&#39; River. The towns of Kirzhach and Gorodishchi are located on the shores of the Kirzhach.</p><br>
<p>The name is from Mordvin: кяржи, керш &#39;left&#39; (sc. tributary).</p><br>
<p>The Actaeon Island, part of the Actaeon Island Group, is a 15.65 hectare dolerite island and game reserve located at the southern entrance to the D&#39;Entrecasteaux Channel between Bruny Island and the mainland, that lies close to the south-eastern coast of Tasmania, Australia.</p><br>
<p>There is a navigation beacon on the highest point, 14 m.</p><br>
<h2>Actaeon Island Group</h2><br>
<p>The Actaeon Island Group consists of:</p><br>
<p>Actaeon Island</p><br>
<p>Blanche Rock</p><br>
<p>Courts Island</p><br>
<p>Southport Island</p><br>
<p>Sterile Island</p><br>
<p>The Friars</p><br>
<p>The Images</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>Recorded breeding seabird and wader species are the little penguin, short-tailed shearwater and sooty oystercatcher. European rabbits occur on the island and seals occasionally haul-out there. The metallic skink is present. The endangered orange-bellied parrot is historically from the Actaeon Island.</p><br>
<p>The Kamakurakyo is a geographical area that is located in the Rokko Mountains, Hyogo, Japan. This valley is a part of Setonaikai National Park in Japan.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The name of Kamakura Valley originated in a historical episode that in the 13th century, Hōjō Tokiyori, one of Shikken, namely the regent for the shogun in the Kamakura shogunate, visited this valley and praised the beauty.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>This valley is along Funazaka River, which is a branch of the Muko River. The length of the valley is about two kilometers. This valley was made by the river invaded liparite, so we can see high stone wall of liparite along the river.This valley has the famous Hyakujo Rock as the rand mark and a popular rock climbing spot of this region.</p><br>
<h2>Route</h2><br>
<p>Dōjō Station of Fukuchiyama Line</p><br>
<p>Lake Arrowhead is an artificial lake located in the San Bernardino Mountains on Little Bear Creek, a tributary of Deep Creek and the Mojave River. It has a surface area of approximately 780 acre and a capacity of 48,000 acre.ft. It is surrounded by the unincorporated community of Lake Arrowhead in San Bernardino County, California.</p><br>
<p>The lake was originally intended to serve as part of a major waterworks project to provide irrigation water to the San Bernardino Valley, and construction of the Lake Arrowhead Dam began toward that end in 1904. However, the original project was halted due to litigation over water supplies to land owners on the desert side of the mountains. Construction of the dam was completed in 1922 by the Arrowhead Lake Company, a Los Angeles syndicate, as part of a plan to develop the area into a resort.</p><br>
<p>Use of the lake is currently controlled by the Arrowhead Lake Association, which maintains the lake for the recreational use of its members. The Lake Arrowhead Community Services District withdraws water from the lake for treatment and distribution to local residents for potable use.</p><br>
<h2>Additional Images</h2><br>
<p>The Candler Building is a historic skyscraper located in Times Square, Manhattan, New York, New York.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Candler Building was built between 1912 and 1914 by Coca-Cola magnate Asa Griggs Candler of Atlanta. It consists of a five bay, 24-story section fronting on 42nd street and a three bay, 17-story section fronting on 41st street. The main facade on 42nd street consists of a three-story base, a midsection from the fourth through 17th story, and a crown from the 18th to 24th story. It features white terra cotta a round arched windows on the 42nd street facade. It was one of the last skyscrapers built before the 1916 Zoning Resolution, which required setbacks.</p><br>
<p>During a scene in the 1978 film Superman, the Candler Building and the McGraw-Hill Building are clearly visible. The pre-expansion Port Authority Bus Terminal can also be seen near the McGraw-Hill Building. Its ground floor now houses a McDonald&#39;s restaurant.</p><br>
<p>This cityscape is dramatically different today, and the block and a half between the two tall and unique buildings is now filling with even taller towers (built, under construction, or proposed). The Candler Building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>Tenants</h2><br>
<p>Dial Global</p><br>
<p>Live Nation</p><br>
<p>McDonald&#39;s</p><br>
<p>The Goulet de Brest is a 3 km long strait linking the roadstead of Brest to the Atlantic Ocean. Only 1.8 km wide, it is situated between the Pointe du Petit Minou and the Pointe du Portzic to the north and the îlot des Capucins and the Pointe des Espagnols to the south.</p><br>
<p>At each turn of the tide, the ocean refills the roadstead in a current that can attain 4 to 5 knots. Sailing ships would thus wait in the cove of Camaret-sur-Mer for a favourable current to carry them into the goulet.</p><br>
<p>On 2 January 1793 the Childers Incident, the first shots of the war between Great Britain and France during the French Revolutionary Wars, took place in the Goulet.</p><br>
<h2>Military significance</h2><br>
<p>It is the only opening into the roadstead of Brest, and thus the only access to the town. Consequently, successive French governments have lined the goulet with military installations to protect the town and the naval fleet based there, and to keep a watch on shipping using it. The geography of the goulet favours the defenders, as it has a spine down its length in the form of the Le Mengant rocks, which force ships to sail either to their north or south. The goulet has three zones.</p><br>
<p>Zone of Brest</p><br>
<p>Fort de Bertheaume</p><br>
<p>Fort de Toulbroc&#39;h</p><br>
<p>Fort du Petit Minou</p><br>
<p>Fort du Mengant or Fort du Léon</p><br>
<p>Fort du Dellec</p><br>
<p>Fort de Portzic</p><br>
<p>Zone by île de Roscanvel</p><br>
<p>Fort de l&#39;îlot des Capucins</p><br>
<p>Fort de la Fraternité</p><br>
<p>îlot du Diable</p><br>
<p>Fortified lines of Quélern</p><br>
<p>Batteries of Kerviniou</p><br>
<p>Batteries of Tremet</p><br>
<p>Fort on pointe des Espagnols</p><br>
<p>Powder-stores of the Île des Morts</p><br>
<p>Battery of Cornouaille</p><br>
<p>Zone de Camaret-sur-Mer</p><br>
<p>Batteries of Kerbonn</p><br>
<p>Batteries of Le Toulinguet</p><br>
<p>Batteries of Pointe du Petit Gouin and Pointe du Grand Gouin</p><br>
<p>Tour Vauban</p><br>
<p>The Park Avenue Viaduct is a roadway in the Manhattan borough of New York City that carries Park Avenue from East 40th to 46th Streets around Grand Central Terminal and the MetLife Building, then through the Helmsley Building; all three buildings lie across the line of the avenue.</p><br>
<p>The viaduct was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983, technically as a "boundary increase" to the Grand Central Terminal&#39;s prior listing, but carrying a separate reference number.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The viaduct provides a pedestrian-, bicycle-, and bus-free express route for taxicabs and other automobile traffic from 40th Street to 46th Street. From the south, traffic from Park Avenue or the Park Avenue Tunnel enters a ramp which rises to a "T" above 42nd Street, over the street-level entrance to Grand Central Terminal below; Pershing Square, the side ramps of Park Avenue at this point, descend from 40th to end at 42nd Street.</p><br>
<p>The elevated roadway then passes in front of Grand Central Terminal and around it to the east, passing the MetLife Building and descending again to ground level through the east portal in the Helmsley Building, arriving at 46th Street. Traffic coming from the north reverses this pattern: up a ramp through the Helmsley Building&#39;s west portal, past the MetLife Building, around the left to the front of Grand Central, and then to the right and down again to 40th Street, meeting side lanes coming from 42nd Street, where the viaduct connects to the Park Avenue Tunnel or to Park Avenue proper.</p><br>
<p>The area around where the viaduct crosses 42nd Street, Pershing Square is named after General John J. Pershing. Consequently, the portion of the viaduct between 42nd and 40th Streets is also known as the Pershing Square Viaduct. but two ramps, northbound and southbound, connect the two streets.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The viaduct was first proposed in 1916, and construction began in 1918 Work progressed rapidly despite the wartime difficulty in securing labor and material and the viaduct opened on April 16, 1919. The original viaduct took two way traffic from Park Avenue at 40th Street and carried it around the west side of Grand Central Terminal, depositing it at the corner of Forty-Fifth Street and Vanderbilt Avenue. A spur ran east along the rear of the terminal, providing parking space and an entrance to the Commodore Hotel. At the same time, plans started to formulate for the ramps at the bottom of the viaduct, which would be called Pershing Square in honor of Gen. Pershing; in 1920, some of the land that had been intended to be Pershing Square was sold to a real estate development company, which put up an office building called the Pershing Square Building, completed in 1923.</p><br>
<p>Shortly after completion, it was evident that additional measures were needed to prevent a traffic tie up at the north end of the newly completed pass. New York Central engineers suggested a plan which proposed that Park Avenue be closed to all vehicular traffic at the 45th Street grade and traffic be carried around both sides of the terminal and deposited at Park Avenue and 46th Street. The plan was approved by the Board of Estimate in January 1928, and construction complete by September of that year.</p><br>
<p>In 1939, the city built a steel and glass-brick structure under the viaduct at the center of Pershing Square from 42nd Street to 41st Street, which it utilized to provide tourist information. The building, at 90 East 42nd Street, was later converted into a restaurant, which, as of 2014, is called the Pershing Square Cafe.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The viaduct appears in numerous movies and television show episodes:</p><br>
<p>Will Smith, as a policeman, pursues a criminal by jumping off the viaduct in the 1997 film Men in Black.</p><br>
<p>In the 2007 film I Am Legend, Will Smiths character is captured by a vampires snare there.</p><br>
<p>The viaduct is also shown during a battle in the 2012 film The Avengers.</p><br>
<p>Michael Keaton flies through the viaduct in 2014&#39;s Birdman.</p><br>
<p>The James A. Garfield School is a school building located at 840 Waterman Street in Detroit, Michigan. It is also known as the Frank H. Beard School. The school was listed on the National Register of Historic Places and designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1984.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The James A. Garfield School is one of the oldest existing schools in the city of Detroit, as well as one of the least altered. The original building, named for president James A. Garfield, was (according to a September 20, 1896 issue of the Detroit Free Press) designed in 1896 by E. A. Walshe & Son replacing the previous four-room schoolhouse that had become drastically overcrowded.</p><br>
<p>In 1907, the Springwells School District merged with the schools of Detroit. After the merger, the name of the building was changed to honor Frank H. Beard, the director of the Springwells school board for 17 years.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The brick school is built in the Victorian Romanesque style. The symmetrical front façade is organized into five bays, with the central and end bays projecting outward and the other two receding. The entrances are topped with semi-circular arches, and the structure boasts a variety of window shapes and sizes. The elaborate brickwork, multi-planed roofline, and the red brick tower conveyed the importance the community attached to public education. An addition to the original school was built in 1900.</p><br>
<h2>Current use</h2><br>
<p>Today the school houses the Beard Early Childhood Center.</p><br>
<p>Îlot des Capucins  is a rocky islet at the foot of a cliff in the commune of Roscanvel on the Crozon peninsular. Its name comes from a rock near the island, shaped like a praying monk. It has a strategic position at the entrance to the goulet de Brest and so a fort sited on it controlled the whole of Camaret Bay, with views stretching from pointe du Grand Gouin , to fort de Bertheaume .</p><br>
<p>The fort was built in 1848 after plans drawn 150 years earlier by Vauban, built in schist and granite and made up of an underground battery (1890) and a rapid-fire battery (1890) It was linked to the mainland by a bridge in 1859.</p><br>
<p>On the heights overlooking the islet is an upper battery (1885) to the islet&#39;s right and left, a platform battery with an underground magazine (1897) and a mortar battery (1889).</p><br>
<p>Ulya River  is a river in northern Khabarovsk Krai in Russia. The length of the river is 325 km, the area of its drainage basin is 15,500 km&sup2;. The Ulya originates in the Dzhugdzhur Mountains, flows northeast parallel to the coast and turns east to reach the Sea of Okhotsk about 100 km southwest of Okhotsk. It freezes up in late October through early November and remains icebound until May. The first Russian to reach the Pacific Ocean was Ivan Moskvitin who sailed down the Ulya and wintered near its mouth in 1639. Vasili Poyarkov reused his huts in 1646. The Ulya was one of the water routes to and from Okhotsk. From its tributaries either the Lama Portage or the Alachak Portage led to the Mati River which flows north to the Maya River, which leads to the Aldan River and then Lena River to Yakutsk.</p><br>
<p>The Nellie Leland School is a school building, originally built to serve handicapped children, located at 1395 Antietam Avenue in Detroit, Michigan . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002. The building has been renovated into loft space.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Henry M. Leland was a Detroit automotive pioneer who founded both the Cadillac and Lincoln automotive companies. His wife, Nellie Leland, was active in the philanthropic community, focusing on the hardships of poor citizens with tuberculosis and promoting the scientific search for a cure. Nellie Leland died in 1910, but two years later, Henry built an open air school to serve children in the early stages of tuberculosis, naming the structure after his wife.</p><br>
<p>At the time, there was no requirement for school systems to adapt to the needs of handicapped children. Leland encouraged Detroit school officials to build a school to serve the special needs of physically handicapped children, and in 1917 the Detroit School Board built the current structure at a cost of $111,495, transferring the name, Nellie Leland, from the earlier school.</p><br>
<p>The Detroit school board operated the Leland school until 1981, when it was sold to a developer. In the mid-1990s, it was planned to use the building as a charter school, but it has instead been turned into loft space.</p><br>
<p>The Hustis House is located on Main Street  in Nelsonville, New York, United States. It is a small home built sometime in the middle of the 19th century, likely as housing for workers at the West Point Foundry in nearby Cold Spring. It has remained nearly intact since then, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The house is a simple one-and-a-half-story frame clapboard-sided structure with a stone basement, its gabled roof sloping saltbox-style to create an extended rear first floor. Its doors and windows are trimmed with plain wooden sills and lintels. The only decorative touch are the pillars on the covered porch, which was added sometime after the house was built. A cellar door and shed addition on the rear also seem to have come later.</p><br>
<p>It is unknown exactly when the house was built. It first appears on an 1867 map of the region as the property of an E. Hustis but with an earlier construction date indicated. It is typical of the kind of vernacular homes found in Nelsonville, a community that was home to many workers at the foundry.</p><br>
<p>Linden Hills Library is a public library in the Linden Hills neighborhood of southwest Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States. The branch library originally opened in 1911 on the first floor of the Lake Harriet Commercial Club building. In 1931, under the leadership of Minneapolis Public Librarys chief librarian Gratia Countryman, the library moved into its own building on 2900 West 43rd Street. Area resident Joseph Victor Vanderbilt designed the library in the Tudor Revival style. Head librarian Edith Frost served for over thirty years. The library has also hosted community groups such as childrens clubs, neighborhood groups, and women&#39;s organizations. The library was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000 and renovated in 2002.</p><br>
<p>The building has leaded glass windows, including a panel above the entrance that pays tribute to past generations and their legacy for the future. It also has outdoor terraces and two historic fireplaces. These features make it a favorite among neighborhood residents.</p><br>
<p>In 1911 the Linden Hills Community Library opened on the ground floor of the Lake Harriet Commercial Club Building at 2720 43rd Street West. Previously, there had been a small deposit collection housed in a neighborhood store since 1905. In October 1911 the deposit collection was moved to the first floor of the Commercial Club and the Library Board designated Linden Hills a branch library and approved the purchase of furnishings and 1,000 new books. A three year lease was signed at $1,000 a year. In 1923 the Commercial Club raised the lease to $1,200 a year and the Library Board considered either renting or purchasing the old telephone building nearby but finally decided to stay. In March 1928 the Library Board was notified after its lease expired in the fall, the first floor space would be leased to the USA Post Office (which stayed until 1964).</p><br>
<p>Circulation was brisk until 1928 when the library lost its lease on the ground floor and moved upstairs. Elderly patrons had trouble getting upstairs to the new location. “A very touching story was told of seeing an old lady looking into the old room,” wrote one of the branch’s librarians. “She was shown the removal sign, for she was deaf, shook her head and moved away.” The new upstairs location of the library was the reason for the push for a new library. The library board asked the Board of Estimate and Taxation for $50,000 for a new branch building. Linden Hills residents appeared at a city meeting, but the request was turned down. Not until April 1930, after a $50,000 bond issue was passed, did Linden Hills get its own branch building. The original site chosen in 1928 at Lake Harriet Boulevard and 43rd Street was no longer available so a new location was purchased for $6,000 in June 1930. The city purchased three lots on what used to be an old Indian trail to Minnetonka (in 1930 the lots were being used as a baseball field) owned by the Townsend family. Located at 2900 West 43rd Street, the colonial-style brick edifice opened on February 5, 1931. It had a stock of 10,000 books. Linden Hills resident Joseph V. Vanderbilt’s firm of Bard and Vanderbilt designed the building. Pike and Cook was the contractor on the project. The basement included the children’s library, staff room and kitchen. The main floor featured the adult library and a sun parlor. The building cost approximately $42,000. The building was opened just before drastic Depression-era budget cuts hit Minneapolis Public Library. In reaction to the budget cuts, Linden Hills Library hours were 9–9 pm Mondays, 9–6 pm Tuesday through Friday and 9–1 pm on Saturdays in June 1931. Linden Hills Community Library was the last newly constructed library until Nokomis library opened in 1968.</p><br>
<p>Edith Frost was the first Linden Hills Librarian from 1911 to 1946. She moved to Minneapolis with her father and sister Celia in 1911 and initially lived at 4632 Upton Avenue South. In addition to Edith, Celia also became a librarian in the Minneapolis Public Library system. In the 1915 annual library report, Edith’s comments foreshadowed a separate branch library, “Separated as this community is from the rest of the city, one cannot but feel that the library might be much more of a community center. With clubrooms and an auditorium and close cooperation with the schools and commercial club, an ideal community center might be developed with an interest for everyone in Linden Hills.” In her April 1936 report Edith overheard some boys say, “Lets go into the library, I’m tired of that movie stuff,” signifying results from Edith’s efforts to promote children’s reading. In March 1937 she reports, “we have decided that Linden Hills is a young man’s library. They use the reading rooms more than any other group.”</p><br>
<p>Edith was also known as an authority on local history and encouraged reading by holding contests. She set up a “fish pond” in which the children used a pole and line equipped with a magnet which allowed them to catch tissue paper fish on paperclips. The fish would furnish the weekly category of books to read. Edith was a personal friend of Joseph V. Vanderbilt and highly recommended him to be architect of the Linden Hills Community Library. Vanderbilt had lived in Minnesota since 1904 and started his own architecture firm in 1927. The talent of Vanderbilt along with the suggestions and designs of Edith and Library Director Gratia Countryman contributed to a beautiful final product. Edith and Celia later lived at 4625 Washburn Avenue. With the exception of service abroad in a Red Cross Canteen during World War I, Edith was at Linden Hills Library until she retired in 1946. Dorothy Nickels, her assistant, succeeded her and was at Linden Hills until 1970.</p><br>
<p>In the June 3, 1957 Daily Happenings, Dorothy Nickels noted that there had been a wave of heavy book losses. The latest Southwest High School locker check brought back 24 of Linden Hills Library books, 20 of which hadn’t been checked out. Nickels wondered if “some method of door checkout is becoming more and more necessary.” Overheard between two teenagers later in the year: “Have you read this book?” Indignant reply: “Is that a compliment or an insultment?” February 1958: Reference work was heavy due in large part by the “free” use to the Edina High School students.</p><br>
<p>Linden Hills had some very busy summers: on June 19, 1961 the library set a circulation record. It checked out 1500 books, averaging 3 books per minute. On June 26 it neared the record again with 1,486 books checked out. In 1980–1981 the building was refurbished with tuck pointing, slate room restoration, attic insulation, releading of windows, new combination storm windows, glass enclosures for the fireplaces, rewiring, new lighting, new heating plant, repainting and new floor for the children’s area and adjacent hall. This work was also paid for in capital funds, $43,000.</p><br>
<p>As Linden Hills Library celebrated its 50th Anniversary in 1981, it had approximately 25,000 hardcover books for adults and children and its hours were 1–9 pm on Monday and Thursday and 10–5:30 on Tuesday, Wednesday, Friday and Saturday (closed on Saturday in the summer).</p><br>
<p>A community survey was undertaken in 1995. Here are some interesting statistics from the study: 53% of the respondents arrived by foot, 45% by car. The most important reason the patrons used the library: a popular materials library (for 58% of patrons without children) and a children’s door to learning (for 50% of patrons with children).</p><br>
<p>Also in 1995 a community advisory committee had these recommendations: The renovation should be done within the property limits (no additional land should be acquired). The renovation should be done in a manner that preserves the historic character of the library, focusing on updating the mechanical systems, technology and library service areas and make accessibility a goal. A minority report from the group was issued as well. The minority saw expansion could be impeded without further land acquisition because it would be more expensive to expand on the existing footprint and within the tight constraints prescribed by the majority of the committee.</p><br>
<p>In 1997 the library was designated locally as a historically significant building and in 2000 it was put on the National Register of Historic Places. The Library Board fought the designation as it said it worked to preserve its buildings already and historic designation could limit the type of renovations and expansions that could be done to the building.</p><br>
<p>Linden Hills Librarian Sandy Purdue was named the best Children’s Librarian in the July 1998 issue of Minnesota Parent. Both the children’s area environment and Sandy’s story times and special events were praised by the magazine.</p><br>
<p>In 2001 another renovation was undertaken with an addition to the building as well. The project added 1200 square feet and provided a better layout for customer service. The library closed on March 24, 2001 and reopened on May 18, 2002. While the library was closed, the neighborhood was served by the bookmobile which former Linden Hills staff member Teresa Mercier worked on. The reopened library’s hours were 1–9 pm Monday and Thursday and 10–6 pm Tuesday, Wednesday, Friday and Saturday. The renovation was designed by Leonard Parker Associates and built by Meisinger Construction Company. The project cost $2.3 million: $2 million from the City of Minneapolis Capital Improvement Program, $150,000 Minnesota State Accessibility Grant and $133,000 Linden Hills Neighborhood Revitalization Program. The collection included 32,000 books and 19 public computer workstations. A big highlight of the renovation was the installation of stained glass over the front entrance by Phil Daniel, a Minneapolis artist.</p><br>
<p>Also in 2001 a Linden Hills oral history project was undertaken with NRP funds. Transcripts, tapes, CDs and some videos of the interviews are available in Special Collections at Minneapolis Central Library. They can be found in an author search for “Linden Hills Oral History Project” in the Hennepin County Library Catalog http://catalog.hclib.org.</p><br>
<p>In 2002 Eleanor Quirt donated one of her husband’s paintings from his Lake Harriet series, “Four Figures” to the Linden Hills Library to celebrate what would have been Walter Quirt’s 100th birthday. Early in his career Quirt’s painting was influenced by Marxist theory but by the late 1930s he was more surrealistic and dream inspired. After World War II, the Quirts moved to Minnesota from New York and Peter taught at the University of Minnesota. Due to budget cuts in 2004, the library’s days open were reduced from 6 to 3 days a week. The Library was open Monday and Wednesday 12–8 pm and Friday 10–6 pm. A Friends of Linden Hills Library was formed to advocate for the library. Some plans floated to balance the budget included closing Linden Hills but a compromise plan kept all the branches open although many had part-time hours. The” Art in the Hill” group sold t-shirts to raise money and other local organizations raised money as well.</p><br>
<p>In 2005 Thursday was added to the open days, Linden Hills was open Monday and Thursday 12–8 pm and Wednesday and Friday 10–6 pm. Uniform hours were adopted in 2007, all libraries were open Tuesday and Thursday 10–8 pm and Wednesday, Friday and Saturday 10–6 pm. Roosevelt, Southeast and Webber Park Libraries were shuttered and no public library in Minneapolis was open on Mondays.</p><br>
<p>Linden Hills and the 14 other libraries of Minneapolis Public Library were merged into the combined urban/suburban Hennepin County Library in 2008.</p><br>
<p>Warrington Museum & Art Gallery is on Bold Street in the Cultural Quarter of Warrington in a</p><br>
<p>Grade II listed building that it shares with the town&#39;s Central Library. The Museum and the Library originally opened in 1848 as the first rate-supported library in the UK, before moving to their current premises in 1858. The art galleries were subsequently added in 1877 and 1931. Operated by Culture Warrington, Warrington Museum and Art Gallery has the distinction of being one of the oldest municipal museums in the UK and much of the quintessential character of the building has been preserved.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The museum and art gallery were built between 1855 and 1857 to a design by John Dobson. The building is constructed in brick and stone and is in two storeys. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a Grade II listed building, having been designated on 4 April 1975.</p><br>
<h2>Collections</h2><br>
<p>The museum&#39;s collection was originally based upon the collection of the Warrington Natural History Society but it has since grown and now includes a wide range of subjects such as ethnology, egyptology, geology, Roman Britain, pottery/ceramics, botany, fish, amphibians, reptiles, the Civil War, local industries, birds and mammals, and glass. The building also houses a collection of around 1,000 paintings, (oils, watercolours and prints) from the 19th and early 20th centuries, many of which are on display in the mezzanine Art Gallery on the 2nd floor. One of the most famous works in the collection is Between The Tides (1901) by Walter Langley, acquired in 1966. On the first floor there are two temporary galleries, one large and one small, which frequently display travelling exhibitions and the work of local artists and events relating to the community.</p><br>
<h2>Notable Staff</h2><br>
<p>Arthur Deane (botanist) FRSE, Assistant Curator 1901-5</p><br>
<p>Hosmer Library, originally known as the Thirty-Sixth Street Branch Library, is a branch library of the Hennepin County Library system located in the Central neighborhood of Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It was built in 1916 during a period of rapid immigration into Minneapolis. At the time it was built, the library was in a sparsely developed Scandinavian neighborhood and one block away from the since-demolished Central High School. The library was built under the leadership of librarian Gratia Countryman and financed with support from the Carnegie Corporation. The building is in the Collegiate Gothic style, with polygonal towers on either side of the main entrance, a crenellated parapet, and terra cotta trim.</p><br>
<p>Hosmer Library was Minneapolis’ fourth and final Carnegie branch. Following Gratia Countryman’s research-based application to secure the funds from the Carnegie Corporation (she prepared a compelling summary of library circulation, and analyzed the city’s residents, identifying demographic and ethnic patterns, resulting in tailored programming for each neighborhood’s library), construction of 90’ by 54’ building began in May 1914. Total costs ran to $27,700 for the plans designed by Henry D. Whitefield, a New York-based architect who was brother-in-law to Andrew Carnegie. The tenth library built in Minneapolis, the Thirty-sixth Street Branch Library opened on March 8, 1916. Honoring James Kendall Hosmer, Minneapolis’ second city librarian, the branch was renamed for him in 1926. The two granite lion-dogs outside the entrance were donated by family of Mrs. Lewis Gillette. Branch libraries were conveniently located near streetcars and Hosmer was no exception. It is one of nine Minneapolis libraries still in existence which is directly attributed to the important contributions of Gratia Countryman in building the library infrastructure for the city. When built, Hosmer was situated in a neighborhood without many residents, and those who lived there were primarily Scandinavian. In 1969, reflecting the changing composition of the neighborhood, an African American reading room was dedicated in Hosmer to serve patrons. Today, it is one of eight Minneapolis public libraries which are listed as historic landmarks with the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Roy Woodstrom</h2><br>
<p>For many years, Hosmer Head Librarian Roy Woodstrom was at the vanguard of innovation in delivering services to patrons. Following significant budget cuts in 2004, the City of Minneapolis elected to reduce libraries’ hours of service. At Hosmer, open days dropped to four days a week. Neighbors rallied in 2004, when the Bancroft Neighborhood Association voted to give $7,000 to the Hosmer branch following a presentation by Woodstrom so that the library could be open five days a week. On behalf of Hosmer, Woodstrom explored becoming a 501(c)3 corporation, a non-profit, to raise the monies to grow the library’s open days from four to five. He successfully petitioned the Kingfield Neighborhood Association in October 2004 for a Social Services Grant in the amount of $5,000 towards for cultural and community programs.</p><br>
<p>Woodstrom launched the Hosmer World Music Concert Series in 2002 with weekly live music on Saturday afternoons. Funding comes from a variety of sources including the Minnesota Arts and Cultural Heritage Fund, Metropolitan Regional Arts Council with additional support from Friends of the Hosmer Library and KFAI Radio. Previously, Woodstrom developed the Hosmer Library Talent Show, a cherished annual event for the neighborhood’s performers, which made its debut in 1998. He also started the Hosmer Library Friends Group, which helps the branch meet patrons’ needs through volunteerism, book sales, fundraising, and acting as liaisons between the library and the community. His legacy also includes the World Film Series, hosted at the Library. Woodstrom retired in 2014.</p><br>
<h2>Updating the building</h2><br>
<p>In 1951, an enclosure was added to the east side stairway for $900. Recognizing the limited access of the building, a ground level entry and an elevator were added in 1980. By 1996 it was determined that the building required a major overhaul to meet patrons’ needs, and the Minneapolis Library Board considered closing Hosmer. Faced with that possibility, neighbors from Central, Bryant, Powderhorn Park and Kingfield banded together, and contributed more than $157,000 in Neighborhood Revitalization Program funds to ensure that their treasured library would stay open and get the necessary upgrades. They were successful: circulation rates were triple what they were before the remodeling, and Hosmer had ten times as many daily visitors.</p><br>
<h2>Tailored programs</h2><br>
<p>In keeping with the long-standing tradition of providing relevant services to its community, Hosmer has a Tech Center on the lower level, which provides computers and classes for patrons. Funding for the Tech Center was provided by several neighborhoods served by Hosmer. K-12 Homework Help is a popular program for students in the neighborhood. Annually, the birthday of James Hosmer is celebrated at the branch with festivities and an exhibit about his important contributions to the city of Minneapolis libraries.</p><br>
<p>Today, Hosmer remains a vital hub, serving the information needs of its patrons and the community with innovative, thoughtful and valued programs.</p><br>
<p>Walker Library is public library in the East Isles neighborhood of Minneapolis, Minnesota. It is located on Hennepin Avenue one block north of Lake Street, adjoining the Midtown Greenway.</p><br>
<p>Walker and the 14 other libraries of Minneapolis Public Library were merged into the combined urban/suburban Hennepin County Library in 2008.</p><br>
<h2>Original 1911 building</h2><br>
<p>The original building was built in 1911, when the Hennepin/Lake area was sparsely populated. T. B. Walker, the president of the library board at the time, donated some land for the site of the library. The opening of this library coincided with the opening of a streetcar line on Lake Street, and it helped fulfill head librarian Gratia Countryman&#39;s wishes to expand the library system and bring books closer to people. Local architect Jerome Paul Jackson designed the library in a Classical Revival design. The portico, with Ionic columns, shows Beaux-Arts characteristics.</p><br>
<p>Thomas Barlow Walker was involved in many aspects of Minneapolis art and culture. He was a member of the Minneapolis Athenaeum, the first lending library in Minneapolis, established in 1859. He led the progressive wing of Athenaeum members in advocating for a Public Library, established in 1885 with the main library opening in 1889.</p><br>
<p>In the 1870s Walker began collecting paintings and other works of art for his house on 8th and Hennepin Ave. In 1879 Walker built a gallery between his residence and his carriage house to display 20 paintings. This was the first public gallery in the Midwest. He collected landscapes, portraits, historical paintings and bronzes, miniatures, classical and Asian art. By 1892 Walker opened three more gallery rooms and also was contributing art to the public library&#39;s art gallery its location at 10th and Hennepin Ave.</p><br>
<p>In 1908 the Lyndale branch of the Minneapolis Public Library, was created. Thomas B. Walker wrote in the Minneapolis Public Library Board 1910 annual report that the city needed more branch libraries and reading rooms not only to provide a path for citizenship and education but, “To offset these temptations and demoralizing influences which to an ever-increasing extent afflict society.” In an effort to compete with the city’s saloons, the Walker Branch was first envisioned in 1909, when Minneapolis Library Board member Thomas B. Walker donated two lots at 29th and Hennepin worth $42,700 to the Library Board. In 1910 Paul Jerome Jackson was selected as the projects architect. The Librarys Building Committee also determined the two lots were not a sufficient of amount of land to build a branch library and Mr. Walker donated an additional 30 feet along Hennepin Avenue.</p><br>
<p>On June 13, 1911, the Walker Branch Library celebrated its grand opening. The first librarian was Lucy C. Dinsmore, who served from 1911-1925. By 1912 Walkers residence, art gallery and offices took up one-fourth of the block at 8th and Hennepin. Walker later moved his family and his art to the Thomas Lowry Mansion on Lowry Hill in 1916. In 1920 Walkers compound on 8th and Hennepin was torn down to make way for the State Theater. In the meantime the bulk of the collection was housed at the Minneapolis Public Library while Walker offered to donate land and his collection for a new library and art museum. The proposal was first accepted and then ultimately rejected by the city. Instead, Walker Art Center was built in the location that Walker and library director Gratia Countryman wanted a new main library. Minneapolis didn’t get a new main library until 35 years later when the new Minneapolis Central Library was opened at 300 Nicollet Mall in 1960.</p><br>
<p>A city of Minneapolis report written soon after the Walker Library opened noted that West High School and three other schools were in “borrowers’ distance” but about half of the circulation was adult fiction.</p><br>
<p>On October 1, 1925 Lucy C. Dinsmore resigned, she was replaced by Alta I. Hansen who had previously worked at the Business Branch.</p><br>
<p>In 1926 the Lyndale branch and a deposit collection were merged to form the West Lake Branch at Pillsbury and Lyndale.</p><br>
<p>On October 4, 1928 Alta Hansen transferred back to business branch, she was replaced by Marion Crosby who had previously been librarian at East Lake Library.</p><br>
<p>Starting in May 1937 the Minnesota Mycological society had its regular meetings for the study of mushrooms at the Walker Library. The Minnesota Audubon Society also had regular meetings and film and slide programs at the library. The Audubon Society also had a display of birds in the basement Audubon room until 1959 when the birds were donated to the city school’s science departments. In the late 1930s the library had some WPA workers to help with day-to-day operations. Dexter Goulston, a labor organizer and auxiliary member of Truck Driver’s Local #544 attempted to get WPA and Library staff to rebel against management but Marion Crosby was so universally respected that his words fell on deaf ears and he was quite discouraged and was transferred. Crosby was a bit concerned that she may have done something to get the library involved with the very active truck drivers union but everything ended up working out for the best.</p><br>
<p>Another WPA worker, Patricia Cannon, received rave reviews from Crosby during her time there but afterwards, in 1938, Cannon was arrested for forging withdrawals from the library account assigned to Crosby. There were also many other WPA workers that did excellent work and provided great service to library patrons.</p><br>
<p>On September 14, 1939 Father Ryan of St. Stephen’s parish requested permission to use the meeting space at Walker Library for the purpose of weekday classes in religious instruction. Library director Carl Vitz informed the Library Board that under current library rules, meeting facilities cannot be used for religious or political meetings. The Library Board voted to change the rule allowing this type of use but only under strict conditions. In September 1940 the café at the Carling Hotel, the Library’s neighbor was raided for selling hard liquor (it only had a license for beer). Marion Crosby hoped, “if they fold up and fade from the scene we shall not have so many bottles to clear off our lawn in the mornings.”</p><br>
<p>In June 1942 Marion Phillips was appointed head librarian of Walker Library. Because of its close proximity to Walker Library, the West Lake Branch is closed in 1946 when it loses its lease.</p><br>
<p>In 1948 the Teen-Age Book Club was formed by teens in the Walker Library area, it met on Thursday mornings in the summer. Donna TerLouw, aged 14 was the president. The girls read books such as Roommates by Laura Cooper Rendenna, Seventeenth Summer by Maureen Daly and One Crowded Hour by Jenane Patterson Binder. The boys liked books such as All-Conference Tackle by C. Paul Jackson and Touchdown Twins by Phillip Harkins. Both boys and girls enjoyed Dostoevsky’s Crime and Punishment and Sinclair Lewis’ Kingsblood Royal. It was the second teen book club in the city, Sumner Library formed a group a few years earlier.</p><br>
<p>Head librarian Mary Cracraft on October 26, 1953 noted feeling the effect of moving pictures in calls for The Robe, From Here to Eternity, Moulin Rouge, Shane and The Moon is Blue. On June 11, 1954 the reference load was noted and some of the unique requests: they helped a woman find something inspirational to write on a first wedding anniversary to her daughter and husband living in Spain; they got a frantic call from someone wondering approximately how much 13 pounds of pennies was worth.</p><br>
<p>On March 14, 1958 the Audubon Society gave a movie projector to the library. The population of the area served by the Walker library was about 26,000 in 1960: 21,000 adults and 5,000 children.</p><br>
<p>Walker Library heated up in the summer days, especially in August. After the new Central Library opened, Mary Cracraft noted on August 5, 1963, “I have never heard so many people say, as have this month that they have gone to the Main Library more, and I can’t blame them. Our little bailiwick has been damned hot compared with the wonderful air conditioning of Main.”</p><br>
<p>A plan emerged in 1968 to replace the Walker Library with a 15,000 square foot building at Humboldt Avenue South and Lake Street, it did not come to fruition. In 1971 Library Director Ervin Gaines wrote to the Lowry Hill Homeowner’s Association, “We have been endeavoring for the last several years to persuade the city fathers that the Walker Library at 29th and Hennepin is too small and outmoded for the space age and for the desires of the neighborhood. So far, we have not been successful…Lowry Hill residents, once persuaded to take action, will be a compelling force to bring to reality our dream of a new library to replace the old and honored Walker Library that has served so well, but has grown obsolete.”</p><br>
<p>A 1973 Wedge article pointed towards the new Southdale library as a model for a new community oriented library for the Uptown neighborhood that would have a more dynamic role in the educational and information needs of the surrounding community.</p><br>
<p>In 1974 the Minneapolis Park Board denied the library the land across from the present library for a new library; it would have been at the end of the Mall. The library was also looking at the Calhoun School at 3016 Girard as a possible site.</p><br>
<p>By 1976 a joint library/park recreation center and new gym for West High School was floated. West High did later get a new gym, which became the YWCA when West was demolished. The Minneapolis Park Board rejected the joint use idea. The Minneapolis Library Board chose 2880 Hennepin as the site for the new Walker Library.</p><br>
<p>In October 1978 the land was purchased for the new Walker Library at Lagoon and Hennepin. The cost was $310,600.</p><br>
<p>The new Walker Community Library, 2880 Hennepin Avenue South opened in 1981, which was built out of concrete and earth at a cost of $2.3 million. It was designed by Myers & Bennett and built by George F. Cook Construction. The old library closed on February 7, 1981 and the new library opened on February 23. 1981. The library board sold old Walker Library to Laurence S. Zipkin for $400,000 in October 1980.</p><br>
<p>In 1985 a casual restaurant, “Walker’s” opened in the basement of the old library. Gourmet hamburgers were the signature fare.</p><br>
<p>In 1993 the Junior League bought the building and opened a used clothing store inside, “The Clothesline.”</p><br>
<p>In October 2003 a posh spa and salon named Pagoda moved into old library. It is a Lifetime Fitness LifePower Yoga Studio.</p><br>
<p>The Library was sold in January 2015 to Ned Abdul.</p><br>
<h2>1981 building</h2><br>
<p>In 1981, the growth of the library required a new building, which was built just across the street at 2880 Hennepin Avenue South. The two main floors of the building were underground. There was a large "LIBRARY" sign on Hennepin Avenue with an entry pavilion to indicate the presence of the library. Although the library was built underground to conserve space and save energy, the underground building was not very visible, and had problems with water seepage. By 2006, proposals were being considered to replace the library with something that would be more visible.</p><br>
<p>In the 1970s the Walker Library at 2901 Hennepin Avenue was deemed, “not to meet the standards of a modern facility…with many exterior steps and the interior is crowded.”</p><br>
<p>It was replaced by Walker Community Library, 2880 Hennepin Avenue South in 1981, which was built out of concrete and earth at a cost of $2.3 million. It was designed by Myers & Bennett and built by George F. Cook Construction. The interior designer was Kalbac and Associates.</p><br>
<p>It was the first earth-sheltered building constructed by the City of Minneapolis and one of the few underground public libraries in the country. It measured 18,500 square feet and had a 36 car metered parking lot. An article written by the East Calhoun News in April 1982 noted that the new Library was too busy to note its anniversary. Circulation at the library jumped 77% from 1980 to 1981. Walker Library moved from fifth place in circulation out of the 14 community libraries to second, ranking only behind Washburn Library.</p><br>
<p>By 1993 several deficiencies in lighting, space, identity, water leakage and accessibility were noted for the building. When it was built, underground building technology was new and untested. Underground buildings, although built to conserve energy, many times ended up being expensive to maintain and Walker Library was no exception. What was revolutionary in 1981 was considered ugly and prone to vandalism in 1993. By 1994 many in the neighborhood wanted to move back to the old library building instead of paying $900,000 in renovations for the leaky underground library. The renovation was still a deal compared to the estimated $5.4 million required to update the old Walker Building which had just been bought by the Junior League.</p><br>
<p>The renovations in 1995 were done to address structural issues and make the library more inviting. Seven-foot-high brushed stainless steel block letters spelling out L-I-B-R-A-R-Y, designed by Leonard Park Associates Architects, were added to the exterior. An original mural of Cinderella based upon Beatrix Potter’s characters added charm to the children’s area. A 2001 children’s book by Susan Goldman Rubin titled There Goes the Neighborhood: Ten Buildings People Loved to Hate included chapters on the Eiffel Tower, the Guggenheim Museum and the Walker Library. After initial rejection, a renovated parking deck was approved and undertaken in 1995 to eliminate the cracks and leaks in the roof of the library. A mixed-use library/apartment building was also proposed in 1995 but a task force decided not to move forward with a building that could possibly cost $6.5 million.</p><br>
<p>More renovations were done to the parking deck in 2005. In the years afterword, there was more talk of a mixed-used replacement. The building was razed in 2013 to make way for a new above-ground library.</p><br>
<h2>2014 building</h2><br>
<p>The 1981 building closed on September 22, 2012 and was replaced with a new building designed by VJAA and built by Shaw-Lundquist and Associates. It opened on April 26, 2014.</p><br>
<p>The Third Precinct Police Station  is a former police station located at 2200 Hunt Street  in Detroit, Michigan. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Third Precinct Police Station is a three-story structure built from yellow brick and limestone. It is essentially boxy, but the exterior is constructed of projecting and receding planes that disguise the fact. The entrance, located in a curved corner bay, The second and third floor windows facing Hunt and Dubois are unified by arched guilloche-patterned, terra-cotta enframements. Third-floor windows are topped by arched hoods. The projecting cornice is metal, fabricated by the Detroit Cornice and Slate Company.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The Hunt Street Police Station is a well-preserved example of a late 19th-century Beaux-Arts public building, and is significant for its role in the history of the Detroit police force. In 1959, the Third and Seventh Precincts were consolidated and the building was sold; subsequently used as an office space, the structure was left empty in 2004 and is currently for sale.</p><br>
<p>The Carter Hydraulic Rams were constructed circa 1924 by George Lafayette Carter to supply water to his summer residence near Hillsville, Carroll County, Virginia. A series of four hydraulic rams are housed in concrete and tile block pumphouses along an intermittent stream. A nearby gas-powered pump provided backup power, but when the rams were in operation they depended only on the flow of water for their operation. The rams were supplanted in the 1950s by an electric pump system.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<p>The rams can be visited while walking along the Beaver Dam Creek Trail, which is part of Carter Pines Community Park. Historical markers describe the history of these hydraulic rams.</p><br>
<p>The J.Y. Dykman Flour and Feed Store is located on Main Street  in Nelsonville, New York, United States. It is a brick building that today houses a small delicatessen and some apartments in its upper stories. It is the most ornate commercial building in the small village, and in 1982 it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>It is a -story brick building with a heavily modillioned cornice and decorated bargeboards on the front end of its gabled roof. The sills and lintels are made of stone, with cross and scroll patterns worked into the brick. An oriel window projects from the cross-gable on the west facade.</p><br>
<p>In 1867, the earliest known map showing Nelsonville, at the time the growing home of workers at the West Point Foundry in nearby Cold Spring, depicts the store at the spot with James Y. Dykman&#39;s name attached to it, suggesting it had been there for quite some time. He also had it painted on the wall of the building, where it remained until the late 20th century. A later map, in 1912, when Dykman had opened another store nearby with his name, shows the building still in use as a general store. In the 1950s, its rear was enlarged to accommodate more apartments. It has otherwise remained as it was in the mid-19th century when it was built.</p><br>
<p>The Stockade Historic District is located in the northwest corner of Schenectady, New York, United States, on the banks of the Mohawk River. It is the oldest neighborhood in the city, continuously inhabited for over 300 years. Union College first held classes in a building within the district, and later it would be one of the termini of an early suspension bridge that was, at the time, the longest in North America. Elizabeth V. Gillette, a physician and the first woman from upstate New York elected to the New York State Assembly, lived in the Stockade as well.</p><br>
<p>It contains a wide variety of Dutch and English 17th- and 18th-century buildings, many with later embellishments and additions. The National Park Service has described it as "the highest concentration of historic period homes in the country," with over 40 older than 200 years. The Stockade was New York&#39;s first local historic district, when it was recognized by the city council in 1962.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973 and its boundaries were increased slightly in 1984. The city and an active neighborhood association, the first founded in Schenectady, work to protect its historic character.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Stockade District is a roughly wedge-shaped area at Schenectady&#39;s northwest corner, 82 acre in area. It is bounded by the Mohawk on the north, the Binne Kill on the west and the former New York Central Railroad tracks, now used by Amtrak and CSX, on the east. Its southern boundary is mostly defined by the rear line of properties on the south side of Union Street, except for Washington Street, where the entire street is included all the way to State Street (NY 5), and a section of Church Street added by the boundary increase.</p><br>
<p>On its southeast corner it borders the Union Street Historic District, providing a historic corridor which links it to Union College and the city&#39;s other two historic districts, the GE Realty Plot and Union Triangle. Residential and industrial areas are located to the east across the tracks. To the south is the western section of downtown Schenectady. Riverside Park (parkland) is located at the shore of the river, (northwest side). The village of Scotia is located directly across the river.</p><br>
<p>The district is largely flat, reflecting the nearby river. It is densely developed, mostly with small two-story attached houses. It is centered on the intersection of Ferry, Front and Green streets, where a circular plaza is built around a statue of Lawrence the Indian, a Mohawk who helped restore the settlement after an early catastrophe.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>For the colonial period and afterwards, the history of the Stockade District is synonymous with the history of Schenectady. Later, as the city industrialized and grew far beyond it, the district retained a distinct identity and sense of community within itself.</p><br>
<h3>17th and 18th centuries</h3><br>
<p>A group of Dutch settlers, mostly merchants and fur traders looking to do business with Native Americans, settled the banks of the Mohawk in an area between the present Ferry, Front and State streets and Washington Avenue in 1661. This group of twelve houses surrounded by a wooden stockade, 200 Dutch feet (about 187 feet, or 56.6 m) on a side is considered the founding of the city of Schenectady. After the 1674 Treaty of Westminster ended the Third Anglo-Dutch War the settlement, like all established by the Dutch in New Netherland, came under British control as part of the Province of New York.</p><br>
<p>The small frontier settlement was almost wiped out in 1690 during King Williams War, the first in the series of conflicts known as the French and Indian Wars. French troops and their Algonquin and Sault allies, retaliating for a series of British-backed Iroquois raids on their territory, were on their way to an assault on Fort Orange at present-day Albany when their scouts found that Schenectadys stockade was almost minimally staffed, and changed their plans to attack this target of opportunity.</p><br>
<p>In the course of the ensuing Schenectady massacre, many of the houses and barns were burned and most of the inhabitants of the village either killed or taken to Montreal as prisoners. Local members of the Mohawk tribe, in particular one who had become known among the settlers as Lawrence, encouraged the Dutch to rebuild.</p><br>
<p>By 1692 the community had been rebuilt and repopulated with a mixture of English, Scottish and Dutch settlers.</p><br>
<p>During the Revolutionary War Schenectady served as headquarters for several of the local Committees of Safety. After independence, the stockade, which had begun to deteriorate from neglect during the war, was dismantled. Only some of the footings remain, mostly buried. The village continued to grow as the main point of departure for travel to the west. Buildings and wharves along the riverfront and the Binne Kill accommodated the travelers and cargo that came overland from Albany and boarded bateaux for the trip west to Lake Erie.</p><br>
<h3>19th century</h3><br>
<p>In the early 19th century engineer Theodore Burr, cousin of Aaron, having built one of the first significant crossings of the Hudson River at Waterford, turned his attentions to the Mohawk. He decided to build a wooden suspension bridge, using planks of local timber as the cables. A triple span across the 800 ft of river between Washington Street and Scotia was completed in early 1808, but then washed away. Burr added a fourth span, and this time the bridge stood up to the river.</p><br>
<p>The Revolution had led citizens to demand services a nation could provide, among them higher education. Union College was established in 1779, before the war had even ended, but was not formally recognized with a state charter (the first issued by the state Board of Regents) until 1795. Its first building was in the district, at the corner of Ferry and Union streets, later College and Union. It was America&#39;s first non-denominational college. In 1814 the college moved to its present location, the first planned college campus in the country.</p><br>
<p>In 1819 a fire destroyed two hundred buildings in this area. Six years later, during the rebuilding, the Erie Canal was completed, and most activity moved west to the vicinity of State Street, outside of the district, sparing the residential properties that make up the bulk of today&#39;s Stockade. As Schenectady began to grow due to industrialization, it grew eastward along Union Street (the main road to Troy and Watervliet at the time) and the canal, as the American Locomotive Company and General Electric made it "The City that Hauls and Lights the World".</p><br>
<h3>20th century</h3><br>
<p>Connecticut native Elizabeth Gillette moved to Union Street to start her medical practice in 1900. Two decades later, she was elected to the state assembly, the first woman elected to the state legislature from upstate and the only Democrat ever elected to that body from Schenectady&#39;s second district. She served a single term and returned to medicine, retiring in 1960.</p><br>
<p>Theodore Burr&#39;s bridge burned down in 1909 and was replaced with the first of the current bridges nearby that carry Route 5 to Scotia. One of the original stone abutments can be seen where Washington Street reaches the river. When the Erie Canal was finally replaced by the New York State Barge Canal, portions were reused for the railroad bridge.</p><br>
<p>By the mid-20th century, the neighborhood had gone into noticeable decline, and some of its buildings, such as the original Surrogate&#39;s Court building, were demolished. Residents who had become aware of its historic importance formed the Stockade Association in 1957 and, five years later, successfully lobbied the city to pass a zoning ordinance creating the historic district, the first one created in the state.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>The neighborhood is one of four historic districts recognized by the city of Schenectady. It comes under the purview of its Historic Commission, a seven-member body that meets once a month. Under the city&#39;s zoning regulations, any change to a historic building in a district that is visible from a public right-of-way must be approved by the commission.</p><br>
<p>Within the neighborhood, the Historic Stockade Association works to organize residents and help preserve not only the historic nature of the neighborhood but its sense of community. and organizes tours and other special events in the neighborhood. Some other special events in the neighborhood are informal, such as the sing-along to the pink flamingos that a person or persons unknown has been placing in front of the statue of Lawrence every Valentine&#39;s Day for the last decade.</p><br>
<p>Loch Coruisk  is an inland fresh-water loch, lying at the foot of the Black Cuillin in the Isle of Skye, in the Scottish Highlands.</p><br>
<p>Loch Coruisk is reputed to be the home of a water horse.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The loch is accessible by boat from Elgol, or on foot from Sligachan (approximately 7–8 miles distance). It is also possible to walk from Elgol, but one section of the path (“the Bad Step”) presents some potential difficulties for the nervous or inexperienced.</p><br>
<p>The northern end of the loch is ringed by the Black Cuillin, often wreathed in cloud. From the southern end the Scavaig River, only a few hundred yards long, discharges into a sea loch, Loch Scavaig. The loch is nearly two miles long, but only about 400 yards wide.</p><br>
<h2>Literature</h2><br>
<p>Sir Walter Scott visited the loch in 1814 and described it vividly:</p><br>
<p>Lord Tennyson reported more prosaically:</p><br>
<p>Mark Haddon used the remote location of the loch for a portal in the 1992 children&#39;s novel Gridzbi Spudvetch!, re-issued in 2009 as Boom!. A description of the path from Elgol (including a traverse of The Bad Step) is included in the narrative, as is the Memorial Hut.</p><br>
<p>Robert Macfarlane visited the loch and its valley whilst writing his 2007 travelogue The Wild Places, and a description of the area forms the book&#39;s third chapter.</p><br>
<h2>Art</h2><br>
<p>The loch has been painted by, among many others, William Daniell (1769–1837), J.M.W. Turner (1775–1851), Sidney Richard Percy (1821–1886) and Alexander Francis Lydon (1836–1917)</p><br>
<p>Hen Island is an island located close to the south-western coast of Tasmania, Australia. The 7.6 hectare island is part of the Maatsuyker Islands Group, and comprises part of the Southwest National Park and the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Site.</p><br>
<p>The island&#39;s highest point is 75 m above sea level.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>The island is part of the Maatsuyker Island Group Important Bird Area, identified as such by BirdLife International because of its importance as a breeding site for seabirds. Recorded breeding seabird and wader species are the little penguin (90 pairs), short-tailed shearwater (12,000 pairs), fairy prion (27,000 pairs), Pacific gull and sooty oystercatcher. The metallic skink is present.</p><br>
<p>The Ile du Golfe is a limestone island located close to the south-western coast of Tasmania, Australia. The long, narrow dolphin-shaped 68 hectare island is part of the Maatsuyker Islands Group, and comprises part of the Southwest National Park and the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Site.</p><br>
<p>The island&#39;s highest point is 156 m above sea level.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>The island is part of the Maatsuyker Island Group Important Bird Area, identified as such by BirdLife International because of its importance as a breeding site for seabirds. Recorded breeding seabird and wader species are the little penguin, short-tailed shearwater (134,000 pairs), fairy prion (356,000 pairs), Pacific gull, silver gull, sooty oystercatcher and black-faced cormorant. The swamp antechinus has been recorded. Reptiles present include the Tasmanian tree skink, metallic skink and three-lined skink.</p><br>
<p>Potter Fell is a fell near the villages of Burneside and Staveley, Cumbria, England. A number of tarns are present on the fell, including Gurnal Dubs Tarn and Potter Tarn. Potter Fell has four major summits, two of which  are mentioned in Alfred Wainwright&#39;s The Outlying Fells of Lakeland.</p><br>
<h2>Summits</h2><br>
<p>Potter Fell is made up of four separate peaks, two of which are unnamed. The first unnamed summit (395 m / 1,296 ft) is reached directly via the ascent from Bowston near Burneside. Further north from the first unnamed summit is Brunt Knott (427 m / 1,401 ft), marked by a stone triangulation station at its highest point. Between these first two summits is a small pool of water with a wall running through it, which Wainwright named "wall through a pool". East of these two summits is another unnamed one (390 m / 1,280 ft). Further east is the fourth summit, Ulgraves (332 m / 1,089 ft); like Brunt Knott, the highest point is marked by a trig point. The summit of Ulgraves looks over the Longsleddale valley.</p><br>
<p>Wainwright&#39;s clockwise route starts on the road between Bowston and Staveley and passes the four summits, two named and two nameless, as described above.</p><br>
<h2>Tarns</h2><br>
<p>There are a number of tarns on Potter Fell, of which Gurnal Dubs and Potter Tarn are the most significant. Potter Tarn is located at the bottom of the ascent to the unnamed summit (395 m). Gurnal Dubs is a popular place for recreational fishing and the licences are managed by the Kent Angling Association. It is located to the west of Ulgraves and south of the unnamed summit (395 m). The tarn is home to a boathouse that was renovated in 1985.</p><br>
<p>Tatul Island  is a triangular ice-free island off the north coast of Robert Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. Extending 350 by, the island emerged as a distinct geographical entity following the retreat of Robert Island&#39;s ice cap in the late 20th and early 21st century.</p><br>
<p>The feature is named after the settlement of Tatul adjacent to a major Thracian shrine complex in the Rhodope Mountains, Bulgaria related to the cult of Orpheus.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The island is located at 62&deg;20&prime;03&Prime;S latitude, 59&deg;32&prime;22&Prime;W longitude which is 130 m north of Robert Island, 550 m south-southwest of Lientur Rocks and 950 m west-northwest of Newell Point. Bulgarian early mapping in 2009.</p><br>
<p>The Engine House No. 11 is a fire station located at 2737 Gratiot Avenue in Detroit, Michigan. It is the oldest remaining firehouse in the city of Detroit; it was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1975 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>According to the September 9, 1883 edition of the Detroit Free Press William Scott & Company was the architect of the building. Detroit&#39;s Engine Company No. 11 was organized as the "Steam Fire Engine Company #11" on January 1, 1884. The original equipment included a horse-drawn Silsby Steam engine and hose reel cart. The company converted to motorized operation in 1916, obtaining a Seagrave gasoline propelled pumping engine.</p><br>
<p>The firehouse tower on the southeast side of the building was shortened during World War II so an air raid siren could be installed. In 1972, Engine Company No. 11 moved to new quarters. The building was used by the Emergency Medical Unit until 1976, and then as a Detroit Fire Department museum, containing several pieces of historic fire fighting equipment.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Engine House No. 11 is a 2-1/2 story brick building with a hipped roof. The front facade contains a wide center section flanked by two small bays. The first story of the center section contains four wide doors, the second story has two large windows. A dormer atop the center section contains the attic story. A hose-drying tower is centered on the east side of the building. This tower had an air raid siren installed during World War II, which reduced its height somewhat.</p><br>
<p>On the interior, the first floor contains the apparatus room, kitchen, dining area and a lounge. The walls are wainscoted, and the ceiling is plastered. The second floor contains a dormitory style sleeping quarters, showers, locker room, and two private sleeping rooms for the Captain and Lieutenant. At the rear of the dormitory, but on a slightly lower level, is a room that was originally the hay loft, but has been turned into a recreation room.</p><br>
<p>Shek Kwu Chau is an island of Hong Kong, located south of Lantau Island and between Cheung Chau and the Soko Islands. Administratively, it is part of Islands District.</p><br>
<p>Shek Kwu Chau is a restricted area and a permit is required to visit the island.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>An old name for the island was "Coffin Island". It was generally barren and uninhabited until 1962, when it was taken over by the Society for the Aid and Rehabilitation of Drug Abusers.</p><br>
<h2>Features</h2><br>
<p>Shek Kwu Chau Treatment and Rehabilitation Centre is located on Shek Kwu Chau. It is managed by the Society for the Aid and Rehabilitation of Drug Abusers (SARDA).</p><br>
<h2>Proposed incinerator</h2><br>
<p>The Hong Kong government proposed to build an Integrated Waste Management Facilities at a reclaimed island on Shek Kwu Chau. The facilities will involve the creation of an artificial island south of Shek Kwu Chau and west of Cheung Chau. The facilities are expected to be completed in 2018 should the Legislative Council&#39;s finance committee approve the funding. The government expects the incinerator will be able to treat about 3,000 tonnes of waste a day. Secretary for the Environment Edward Yau said the site was chosen over Tsang Tsui in Tuen Mun partly because of the shorter transportation time and the lower impact on the neighbourhood.</p><br>
<p>On 26 July 2013, the High Court rejected a legal bid to stop the government building an incinerator at Shek Kwu Chau. But the plaintiff, Cheung Chau resident Leung Hon-wai, has indicated that he may appeal.</p><br>
<h2>Transport</h2><br>
<p>Shek Kwu Chau is accessible within 20 minutes by ferry from Cheung Chau.</p><br>
<p>Maglizh Rocks  are a group of rocks off the northwest coast of Smith Island, South Shetland Islands. The two adjacent principal rocks extending 460 m in east-west direction and 140 m wide are situated 300 m north of Lista Point, with the third major one, 300 by 100 m, situated 320 m northwest of them. Combined surface area 10.6 hectare. Bulgarian early mapping in 2009. Named after the town of Maglizh in southern Bulgaria.</p><br>
<h2>Maps</h2><br>
<p>L.L. Ivanov. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands. Scale 1:120000 topographic map. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2010. (First edition 2009. )</p><br>
<p>L.L. Ivanov. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Smith Island. Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2017.</p><br>
<p>Armira Glacier  is a 3 km long glacier on Smith Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica draining the southeast slopes of Imeon Range southeast of Slaveykov Peak and east of Neofit Peak. It is situated southwest of Dragoman Glacier and northeast of Gramada Glacier, and flows southeastward into Yarebitsa Cove on Osmar Strait. Bulgarian early mapping in 2009. The glacier is named after Armira River in southeastern Bulgaria.</p><br>
<h2>Maps</h2><br>
<p>* L.L. Ivanov. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands. Scale 1:120000 topographic map. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2010. (First edition 2009. )</p><br>
<p>* L.L. Ivanov. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Smith Island. Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2017.</p><br>
<p>The Santa Fe Apartments were an apartment building located at 681 Merrick Street in Detroit, Michigan. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986 the site is now the location of the Yousif B. Ghafari Hall.</p><br>
<h2>History and Significance</h2><br>
<p>The Santa Fe was built in 1925 for $95,000. The building was a fine example of Mission and Spanish Revival; this style was used frequently for homes and religious buildings, but its use in a multi-unit dwelling is rare. until its demolition in 1996.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Santa Fe Apartments were a five-story apartment building, measuring 45 feet by 122 feet, built of brick, tile, and grey stone, with plentiful architectural details on the front façade. It had a predominantly flat roof, but with a prominent gable at the front. Vertical elements on the façade were created by rectangular columns and tall, narrow windows on the upper floors. The exterior also featured dentil moldings, a broken scroll pediment above the second level, and decorative railings. The sides were quoined and decorative brick and tile work graced the chimneys. The entryway was flanked on each side by a spiral column with classical type carvings just below the capital.</p><br>
<p>Both Mission and Spanish Revival architecture usually receive a stucco treatment. However, the Santa Fe Apartments were faced with grey stone tiles with thin mortar joints in between. The roof was formed with a distinctive Mission style parapet, and the gable roof at the front was covered with red barrel tiles. The building had 38 apartments.</p><br>
<p>Louisa Island is an island with a short sandy tombolo, located adjacent to the south-western coast of Tasmania, Australia. The irregularly shaped 23 hectare island is part of the Maatsuyker Islands Group, and comprises part of the Southwest National Park and the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Site.</p><br>
<p>The island&#39;s highest point is 80 m above sea level and, at low tide, the island is joined to the mainland by a 250 m sand spit.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>The central parts of the island are lightly forested with Eucalyptus nitida and Eucalyptus ovata, with an understorey of Leptospermum scoparium and Melaleuca squarrosa. Bracken covers areas subjected to recent fires.</p><br>
<p>The island is part of the Maatsuyker Island Group Important Bird Area, identified as such by BirdLife International because of its importance as a breeding site for seabirds. Recorded breeding seabird and wader species are the little penguin, short-tailed shearwater (206,000 pairs), fairy prion (400 pairs), common diving-petrel (1600 pairs), Pacific gull, sooty oystercatcher and pied oystercatcher. Mammals present include the Tasmanian pademelon and long-nosed potoroo. The Tasmanian tree skink is present.</p><br>
<p>Pike Place Market is a public market overlooking the Elliott Bay waterfront in Seattle, Washington, United States. The Market opened August 17, 1907, and is one of the oldest continuously operated public farmers markets in the United States. It is a place of business for many small farmers, craftspeople and merchants. Named after the central street, Pike Place runs northwest from Union Street to Virginia Street. With more than 10 million visitors annually, Pike Place Market is Seattles most popular tourist destination and is the 33rd most visited tourist attraction in the world.</p><br>
<p>The Market is built on the edge of a steep hill, and consists of several lower levels located below the main level. Each features a variety of unique shops such as antique dealers, comic book and collectible shops, small family-owned restaurants, and one of the oldest head shops in Seattle. The upper street level contains fishmongers, fresh produce stands and craft stalls operating in the covered arcades. Local farmers and craftspeople sell year-round in the arcades from tables they rent from the Market on a daily basis, in accordance with the Market&#39;s mission and founding goal: allowing consumers to "Meet the Producer".</p><br>
<p>Pike Place Market is home to nearly 500 residents who live in 8 different buildings throughout the Market. Most of these buildings have been low income housing in the past; however, some of them no longer are, such as the Livingston Baker apartments. The Market is run by the quasi-government Pike Place Market Preservation and Development Authority (PDA).</p><br>
<h2>Location and extent</h2><br>
<p>The Market is located roughly in the northwest corner of Seattle&#39;s central business district. To its north is Belltown. To its southwest are the central waterfront and Elliott Bay. Boundaries are diagonal to the compass since the street grid is roughly parallel to the Elliott Bay shoreline. See heading, "Note about limitations of these data".</p><br>
<p>As is common with Seattle neighborhoods and districts, different people and organizations draw different boundaries for the Market. The City Clerks Neighborhood Map Atlas gives one of the more expansive definitions, defining a "Pike-Market" neighborhood extending from Union Street northwest to Virginia Street and from the waterfront northeast to Second Avenue. Despite coming from the City Clerks office, this definition has no special official status.</p><br>
<p>The smaller "Pike Place Public Market Historic District" listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places is bounded roughly by First Avenue, Virginia Street, Western Avenue, and a building wall about halfway between Union and Pike Streets, running parallel to those streets.</p><br>
<p>In a middle ground between those two definitions, the Seattle Department of Neighborhoods&#39; official 7 acre "Pike Place Market Historical District" includes the federally recognized Pike Place Public Market Historic District plus a slightly smaller piece of land between Western Avenue and Washington State Route 99, on the side of the market toward Elliott Bay.</p><br>
<p>To some extent, these different definitions of the market district result from struggles between preservationists and developers. For example, the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 created the Washington Advisory Council on Historic Preservation. Victor Steinbrueck at one point in the late 1960s convinced the Advisory Council to recommend designating 17 acre as a historical district. Pressure by developers and the "Seattle establishment" soon got that reduced to a tenth of that area. The present-day historic district designations lie between these extremes.</p><br>
<p>Part of the market sits on what was originally mudflats below the bluffs west of Pike Place. In the late 19th century, West Street (now Western Avenue, angling away from Pike Place) was already a through street running more or less parallel to the shore. Railroad Avenue (now Alaskan Way) was built farther out on pilings; it was not filled in until the 1930s. Nearby piers with warehouses for convenient stevedoring had already been completed by 1905, two years before the Market opened.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Before the Market</h3><br>
<p>Before the creation of the Pike Place Market in 1907, local Seattle area farmers sold their goods to the public in a three-square block area called The Lots, located at Sixth Avenue and King Street. Most produce sold at The Lots would then be brought to commercial wholesale houses on Western Avenue, which became known as Produce Row. Most farmers, due to the amount of time required to work their farms, were forced to sell their produce on consignment through the wholesalers on Western Avenue. The farmers typically received a percentage of the final sale price for their goods. They would sell to the middleman on commission, as most farmers would often have no time to sell direct to the public, and their earnings would be on marked up prices and expected sales. In some cases, the farmers made a profit, but just as often found themselves breaking even, or getting no money at all due to the business practices of the wholesalers. During the existence of the wholesale houses, which far predated the Market, there were regular rumors as well as instances of corruption in denying payment to farmers.</p><br>
<h3>Founding</h3><br>
<p>As consumers and farmers grew increasingly vocal in their unhappiness over the situation, Thomas P. Revelle, a Seattle city councilman, lawyer, and newspaper editor, took advantage the precedent of an 1896 Seattle city ordinance that allowed the city to designate tracts of land as public markets. The area of Western Avenue above the Elliott Bay tideflats and the area of the commission food houses had just been turned into a wooden planked road, called Pike Place, off of Pike Street and First Avenue. Through a city council ordinance vote on August 5, 1907, he had part of Pike Place designated temporarily as a public market for the "sales of garden, farm and other food products from wagons...".</p><br>
<p>On Saturday, August 17, 1907 City Council President Charles Hiram Burnett Jr., filling in for the elected mayor as Acting Mayor of Seattle, declared the day Public Market Day and cut the ribbon. In the week leading up to the opening of the Pike Place Market, various rumors and stories of further corruption were reported by the Seattle Times. Roughly ten farmers pulled up their wagons on a boardwalk adjacent to the Leland Hotel. The Times alleged several reasons for the low turnout of farmers: Western Avenue wholesale commission men who had gone to the nearby valleys and farms to buy all the produce out ahead of time to ruin the event; threats of violence by commission men against farmers; and farmers fear of possible boycotts and lack of business with the commission men if the Market idea did not succeed in the long term. Hundreds of customers soon arrived, and before noon that day, all the farmers produce had sold out.</p><br>
<h3>First expansion years</h3><br>
<p>In 1907 Frank Goodwin owned Goodwin Real Estate Company in Seattle, together with his brothers Ervin and John. Headquartered in the city&#39;s Alaska Building, they owned the Leland Hotel on Pike Street and the undeveloped tracts of land that surrounded Pike Place along the Western Avenue bluff. On the opening day of the Market, Goodwin observed the early morning chaos of farmers dealing with large crowds. Sensing that their land was about to appreciate in value, they began to heavily advertise adjoining plots for sale. Work began immediately on what is today the Main Arcade of the Pike Place Market, northwest of and adjoining the Leland Hotel.</p><br>
<p>The first building at the Market, the Main Arcade, opened November 30, 1907. By 1911, demand for the Market had grown so much that the number of available stalls had doubled, and extended north from Pike Street to Stewart Street, doubling in size since the opening of the Main Arcade. The west side of the stall lines were soon covered in an overhead canopy and roofing, becoming known as the "dry row". The last of the core buildings of the Market for the coming decades was obtained in 1916 by the Goodwins, when they purchased a long-term lease on the Bartell Building at the corner of 1st Avenue and Pike Street. Renamed to the Economy Market, it became an expansion to the Main Arcade.</p><br>
<p>Throughout the early 1920s, the north side of the Corner Market became known as the Sanitary Market, housing delicatessens, butchers, restaurants, and bakeries. The so-called "mosquito fleet", the precursor to the modern Washington State Ferry system, would bring shoppers from various islands in Puget Sound to shop, and Market vendors began to bring goods directly to the docks for sales. Colman Dock and Pier 54 (then known as Pier 3) were within walking distance, and the persons coming to sell their wares at the market would disembark from the steamers at these docks. The area became a social scene, where young Seattle locals went to see and be seen.</p><br>
<p>In September 1920, the Seattle City Council quietly passed an ordinance that farmers stalls at the Market could no longer be placed in the street, in response to complaints from some local businesses about traffic flow. A public outcry immediately followed from the farmers, merchants, and various citizens groups. In the midst of the turmoil, the Westlake Market Company pushed itself into the situation, proposing that they would build a two-floor underground market at a building they owned on Fifth Avenue, four blocks from the existing Pike Place Market. The Goodwins, in response, proposed another counter-plan to leverage insurance bonds to finance another further expansion of the Market. As the city government began to quickly lean towards the Westlake proposal, the farmers began to formally organize together for the first time to protect their interests. The deciding Seattle City Council vote in April 1921 was in favor of retaining the existing Market location, and the Goodwins immediately began work on their next expansions.</p><br>
<h3>World War II era</h3><br>
<p>At the time of the bombing of Pearl Harbor in December 1941, many of the farmers selling in Pike Place Market were Japanese-Americans. The late Seattle historian Walt Crowley estimated that they might have been as many as four-fifths of the farmers selling produce from stalls. President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066 February 19, 1942, which eventually forced all Americans of Japanese ancestry in an "exclusion zone" that included the entirety of the West Coast states and southern Arizona into internment camps. On March 11, Executive Order 9095 created the Office of the Alien Property Custodian and gave it discretionary, plenary authority over all alien property interests. Many assets were frozen, creating immediate financial difficulty for the affected aliens, preventing most from moving out of the exclusion zones. Many Japanese Americans were effectively dispossessed.</p><br>
<h3>Preservation and second expansion of the Market</h3><br>
<p>In 1963, a proposal was floated to demolish Pike Place Market and replace it with Pike Plaza, which would include a hotel, an apartment building, four office buildings, a hockey arena, and a parking garage. This was supported by the mayor, many on the city council, and a number of market property owners. However, there was significant community opposition, including help from Betty Bowen, Victor Steinbrueck, Ibsen Nelsen, and others from the board of. An initiative was passed on November 2, 1971 that created a historic preservation zone and returned the Market to public hands. The Pike Place Market Preservation and Development Authority was created by the city to run the Market. Over the course of the 1970s, all the Market&#39;s historic buildings were restored and renovated using the original plans and blueprints and appropriate materials.</p><br>
<h3>Battle for ownership of the Market</h3><br>
<p>In the 1980s, federal welfare reform squeezed the social services based in the Market. As a result, a nonprofit group, the Pike Place Market Foundation, was established by the PDA to raise funds and administer the Market&#39;s free clinic, senior center, low-income housing, and childcare center. Also in the 1980s the wooden floors on the top arcade were replaced with tiles (so as to prevent water damage to merchandise on the lower floors) that were laid by the PDA after staging a hugely successful capital campaign – people could pay $35 to have their name(s) inscribed on a tile. Between 1985 and 1987, more than 45,000 tiles were installed and nearly 1.6 million dollars was raised.</p><br>
<p>The 1983 Hildt Amendment or Hildt Agreement (named after Seattle City Council member Michael Hildt) struck a balance between farmers and craftspeople in the daystalls. The agreement set rules that would last for ten years from August 1, 1983, and that would be successively renewable for further terms of five years. The precise formula it laid out stood for over 15 years, and it set the precedent for today&#39;s allocation of daystalls, in that it gave craftspeople priority in the North Arcade and farmers priority elsewhere.</p><br>
<h3>Victor Steinbrueck Park</h3><br>
<p>Victor Steinbrueck Park directly north of the market was originally Market Park. From about 1909 the site held an armory, which was damaged by fire in 1962. The land was taken over by the city in 1968, and the remnant of the armory was razed. In 1970 the land passed to park usage. The resulting Market Park was largely redesigned in 1982. After Steinbruecks 1985 death, it was renamed after the architect who was instrumental in the markets preservation.</p><br>
<h3>Modern day</h3><br>
<p>In 1998, the PDA decided to end the Hildt Agreement. While their proposed new rule to allocate daystalls was generally seen as more favorable to farmers, there were both farmers and craftspeople who objected, especially because the PDA&#39;s timing gave them little chance to study the changes. At their last meeting before the August 1 deadline, the PDA voted 8–4, to notify the city of its intent not to renew the Agreement. The City Council did not accept the proposed substitute. The council and PDA extended the Hildt agreement 9 months and the council agreed to an extensive public review process in which the Market Constituency played a major role.</p><br>
<p>The public meetings did not result in a clear consensus, but did provide enough input for city councilmember Nick Licata to draft a revised version of the Hildt Agreement. Adopted in February 1999, it became known as the Licata-Hildt Agreement. The bad blood generated by the conflict spurred an audit of PDA practices by the City Auditor; the audit was critical of the PDA for occasionally violating the "spirit" of its Charter, but exonerated it of any wrongdoing.</p><br>
<h4>Centennial</h4><br>
<p>Pike Place Market celebrated its 100-year anniversary on August 17, 2007. A wide variety of activities and events took place, and a concert was held in Victor Steinbrueck Park in the evening, consisting entirely of songs related one or another way to Seattle. The "house band" for the concert called itself The Iconics, and consisted of Dave Dederer and Andrew McKeag (guitarists of the Presidents of the United States of America or PUSA); Mike Musberger (drummer of The Posies and The Fastbacks); Jeff Fielder (bassist for singer/songwriter Sera Cahoone); and Ty Bailie (keyboard player of Department of Energy). Other performers included Chris Ballew (also of PUSA), Sean Nelson of Harvey Danger, Choklate, Paul Jensen of the Dudley Manlove Quartet, Rachel Flotard of Visqueen, Shawn Smith of Brad, Stone Gossard and Mike McCready of Pearl Jam, John Roderick of the Long Winters, Evan Foster of the Boss Martians, Artis the Spoonman, Ernestine Anderson, and the Total Experience Gospel Choir.</p><br>
<h4>Renovation</h4><br>
<p>In 2008, Seattle voters approved a six-year property-tax levy to fund critical repairs and improvements. Basic infrastructure was failing and the nine-acre campus had fallen well behind standards for safety, accessibility and environmental stewardship. The architecture firm SRG Partnership was hired to design the renovation. Completed in 2012, the renovation was designed to preserve the character of the campus while giving the buildings comprehensive upgrades that achieve full compliance with City codes and standards.</p><br>
<h2>Operation</h2><br>
<h3>Organizations</h3><br>
<p>The Pike Place Market is overseen by the Pike Place Market Preservation & Development Authority (PDA), a public development authority established under Washington State law. It is overseen by a 12-member volunteer council. Its members serve four-year terms. Four members are appointed by mayor, four by the current council, and four by the Pike Place Market Constituency. The Market PDA sets the policies by which the Pike Place Market is managed and hires an executive director to carry out those policies.</p><br>
<p>Established in 1973, the PDA manages 80% of the properties in the city-recognized Market Historical District. Its founding law—the Market Charter—requires it to preserve, rehabilitate and protect the Markets buildings; increase opportunities for farm and food retailing in the Market; incubate and support small and marginal businesses; and provide services for low-income people. PDA revenues derive from the Markets tenants through rent, utilities, and other property management activities.</p><br>
<p>The same 1973 charter that established the PDA also established the Pike Place Market Constituency. The Constituency elects one member to the PDA Council each year. Anyone 16 years of age or older who lives in Washington State can become a member of the Constituency by paying $1 yearly dues.</p><br>
<p>Operating independently of the PDA, the Market Historical Commission (established by the 1971 initiative to preserve the Market) has the specific mandate to preserve the Market&#39;s physical and social character as "the soul of Seattle."</p><br>
<p>Another key organization in the affairs of the Market is the Pike Place Merchants Association. Officially incorporated in 1973, it traces its history back to the Farm Association established in the 1920s. The association connects market vendors to legal, accounting, bookkeeping, business insurance, and health insurance services and provides free online advertising for its members. It also represents its members and attempts to advance their interests and opinions. All PDA tenants are required to be members; daystall vendors also have the option to join. Since 1974, the association has published the monthly Pike Place Market News, which promotes the Market and its neighborhood. For over three decades, the association sponsored a Memorial Day fair at the market; financial difficulties caused cancellation of the fair in 2004.</p><br>
<p>A separate Daystall Tenants Association (DTA) formed in the late 1980s to represent the specific interests of daystall vendors. The DTA formed in response to proposed increases in daystall rental rates. Most members pay a $2 annual membership fee; the fee is optional. The DTA meets on the Desimone Bridge in the Market at least once each quarter and "as needed". Similarly, the United Farmers Coalition (UFC) formed in 1998 to represent daystall farmers who sell produce, flower, and processed food; the UFC represents only these food vendors, as against craft vendors. The Pike Market Performers&#39; Guild, founded 2001, represents Market street performers. Among its members are Artis the Spoonman and Jim Page.</p><br>
<p>Friends of the Market, which spun out of Allied Arts in 1964 and over the next seven years spearheaded the activist work that saved the Market is no longer a driving force in the Market. Still, as noted above, they have two seats on the Historical Commission. They also give tours of the Market.</p><br>
<p>The Market Foundation (established 1982) was founded to support the Markets services for low-income people. The foundation now also supports heritage programs, improvements and repairs to historic buildings, and programs that assist the Markets farmers.</p><br>
<h3>Conflicts</h3><br>
<p>The PDA is a public trustee charged with many potentially conflicting goals. Its charter mandates it to "ensure that the traditional character of the Public Market is preserved." It is specifically mandated to</p><br>
<p>The City Auditors office has stated that there is an "inherent conflict... between the PDAs need to operate the Market as a successful business entity and its Charter obligation to support small owner-operated tenant businesses."</p><br>
<p>As early as 1974, a Seattle Department of Community Development study noted space conflicts between farmers and craft vendors. Conflicts can be exacerbated because the stakeholders with conflicting needs are not talking to one another. Quoting the same City Auditor&#39;s report:</p><br>
<p>Language barriers also play a role. For example, most of the flower vendors in the Market are Hmong; during the difficult negotiations in 1999 over replacing the Hildt Agreement, many were apparently under a misimpression that the proposed agreement would have halved the vending space they received for a days rent; in fact, this was unchanged.</p><br>
<p>Further, the farmers who were the Markets original raison detre do not necessarily do well when the Market becomes more of a tourist attraction than venue for shopping for produce and groceries. "Craft vendors, antique and curio merchants, and booksellers…" wrote the City Auditors office, "derive much of their business from tourists; fresh food vendors do not." Conversely, farmers have far more selling opportunities outside the Market than in the early and mid-20th century. As late as 1990, there were about ten farmers markets in Washington. By 1999 there were more than sixty. Most are seasonal weekend markets without most of the Pike Place Markets amenities, but they are not swarmed with tourists, parking is free or inexpensive parking and relatively plentiful, and food is the main focus of those markets, not crafts or flowers.</p><br>
<p>As a result, increasingly Pike Place Market daystalls are devoted to flowers and crafts rather than edible produce. "The Market," wrote the City Auditor&#39;s office,</p><br>
<h3>Policies</h3><br>
<p>The Markets "Meet the Producer" mandate now includes craftspeople as well as farmers. Both can rent daystalls. Farmers take historic precedence, but the PDA "acknowledges the rightful and permanent position of handmade arts and crafts as an integral use of the Markets Daystalls" and their rules seek to encourage a lively mix. Some "grandfathered" vendors are allowed to sell merchandise not of their own making on essentially the same terms as craftspeople. Currently, there are rules to make sure that new crafts vendors demonstrate themselves to be skilled craftspeople making their own wares with minimal use of assistants.</p><br>
<p>A standard Farm Table consists of two adjacent daystalls; a standard Craft Table is a single daystall. Daystalls are between 4 ft and 5.5 ft wide. Craftspeople have priority on the Desimone Bridge, the west side of the Market arcade north of the Desimone Bridge and the outdoor slabs between the arcade and Virginia Street; farmers have priority everywhere else. If farmers do not fill their priority tables, craftspeople may rent those, and vice versa. For farmers, other factors besides seniority come into play, mainly how often the person sells at the Market. Farmers can pass permits through their family. The rules for joint and family crafts businesses are far more complex.</p><br>
<p>While farmers and craftspeople may make some use of "agents" to sell on their behalf (including vendors functioning on different days as one anothers agents), in order to maintain their seniority farmers must be physically present one day a week and craftspeople two days a week. To sell on a Saturday, vendors must sell at the Market a minimum of two weekdays of the preceding week. There are also allowances for taking vacations and sabbaticals without losing ones seniority. Senior Crafts Permit Holders—craftspeople who have sold in the Market for 30 years or more—need only rent (and use) a daystall once a week to maintain their seniority.</p><br>
<p>The definition of permitted farm products includes (among other items) produce, flowers, eggs, cultivated mushrooms, meat, cultured shellfish, and dairy products. There is also a broader category of supplemental farm products such as wild-harvested berries and mushrooms, non-edible bee products, or holiday wreaths. These may be sold in conjunction with permitted farm products, but there are strict limitations to prevent these from becoming anyone&#39;s primary products. Rules vary significantly at different times of year.</p><br>
<p>Farmers, craftspeople, and performers all must pay for an annual permit. As of 2008, the fee is $35 for farmers and craftspeople, $30 for performers. Craftspeople who vend "off season"—January through March—pay an additional $35 for a separate permit. For performers, this annual fee is their only fee. Farmers and craftspeople pay day rent for any daystalls they use. Depending on the season and the day of the week, a daystall may rent for anywhere from $5.85 for a stall on a Monday-Thursday off season to $32.85 on a Sunday in peak season. There are also separate rents for lockers and coolers.</p><br>
<p>Compared to farmers and craftspeople, performers have a lesser role in the Market, but still one formally recognized by the PDA. "The PDAs mission with regard to performers is to maintain locations within the Market where performing artists may entertain Market shoppers in a fashion consistent with and complimentary (sic) to the needs of the Markets commercial business activities and Market residents. Performers may receive donations and may display their recordings for sale, but prohibited from active solicitation of donations and from active sale of "any product associated with the performance".</p><br>
<p>In keeping with their lack of day fees, individual performers are not assigned specific places and times to perform. There are only positions in a (virtual) "line" or "queue" for each marked, sanctioned performance location. Queuing runs on an honor system. Each performance is limited to one hour if any other licensed performer is waiting for the spot. Electronic amplification is not allowed, nor are brass instruments or drums. Certain performance locations are further limited to "quiet" performances where (for example) even hand-clap percussion is not allowed.</p><br>
<p>Although they do not have the same strict requirements as for daystalls, most "commercial" Market merchants are owner-operated businesses. In the 1970s, when the Market was undergoing extensive rehabilitation and the future of the Market was somewhat unstable, the PDA consolidated its merchant base by giving merchant tenants very favorable leases, with longer terms and lower rates than were available elsewhere in Downtown Seattle. This policy was part of the reason that the PDA ran into the financial difficulties that led to its dealings with the Urban Group. The PDA now gives below-market rates only to start-up businesses, businesses or organizations designed to serve low and moderate income persons, and to "the Market’s unique character-defining businesses." The latter include produce, fish, and meat businesses. The PDA often will not renew multi-year leases for businesses with poor sales performance or other problems, but typically will allow them to remain indefinitely on a month-to-month basis. About once a year, the PDA has occasion to refuse to renew when a merchant&#39;s lease ends.</p><br>
<h3>Housing and social services</h3><br>
<p>The Market is also a significant provider of low-income housing and social services. The Market Foundation supports the Pike Market Medical Clinic, Pike Market Senior Center, Downtown Food Bank, and Pike Market Childcare and Preschool (all within the Market), as well as low-income housing in and near the Market. The money placed in the Market&#39;s giant piggybank goes to this foundation, as do the funds raised by several annual or intermittent fundraisers, including Pigs on Parade.</p><br>
<p>About 500 people live in the market. Approximately 90% are low-income seniors with subsidized rents. Their average income is only $11,095 a year. Among the low-income units in the Market are 41 in the LaSalle Hotel, 51 in Market House, 44 in the Stewart House and 96 in the Livingston-Baker.</p><br>
<p>The Pike Market Medical Clinic provides primary care and ancillary services to 3,600 patients. Most of these are either elderly, HIV-positive, or working poor. One third homeless, 30% are physically disabled, and 60% have severe mental illness and/or chemical addiction. The clinic provides basic medical care, subsidized prescriptions, lab work, mental health counseling, drug and alcohol counseling, connections to other community services, and sometimes even assistance in finding housing.</p><br>
<p>Approximately 900 people use the Market&#39;s senior center. Services include hot lunches for low-income seniors, help in finding housing and jobs, and a variety of classes ranging from physical fitness and health to language, geography, art, and computer training.</p><br>
<p>The Downtown Food Bank, located in the Public Market Parking Garage on Western Avenue provides groceries to approximately 1,000 people a week. About 265 bags of groceries are delivered weekly to homebound downtown residents. About 160 families receive infant milk, baby food and diapers.</p><br>
<p>The child care and preschool serves 90–100 families with children ages 2–5 each year. 84% of families with children attending are low-income and receive tuition assistance. Besides its educational aspects, the school provides these children with breakfast, lunch, and afternoon snacks and has a full-time, onsite child and family support professional to identify resources children their families might need and to link them to those resources.</p><br>
<h2>Attractions</h2><br>
<p>One of the Markets major attractions is Pike Place Fish Market, where employees throw three-foot salmon and other fish to each other rather than passing them by hand. When a customer orders a fish, an employee at the Fish Markets ice-covered fish table picks up the fish and hurls it over the countertop, where another employee catches it and preps it for sale.</p><br>
<p>According to the employees, this tradition started when the fishmongers got tired of having to walk out to the Markets fish table to retrieve a salmon each time someone ordered one. Eventually, the owner realized it was easier to station an employee at the table, to throw the fish over the counter. The "flying fish" have appeared in an episode of the television sitcom Frasier that was shot on location and have been featured on The Learning Channel (TLC) and was also in the opening credits of MTVs The Real World: Seattle. This attraction has also appeared on numerous prime-time installments of NFL games when the Seahawks host games at nearby CenturyLink Field.</p><br>
<p>The first Starbucks Coffee store, founded in 1971, was originally located at 2000 Western Avenue. In 1977 it moved one block away to 1912 Pike Place where it has been in continuous operation ever since. The store was opened by three partners: Jerry Baldwin, Zev Siegl and Gordon Bowker. They were inspired by Alfred Peet of Peets Coffee to open the store and sell high-quality coffee beans and coffee making equipment and accessories. The sign outside this branch, unlike others, features the original logo – a bare-breasted siren that was modeled after a 15th-century Norse woodcut. It also features a pig statue called "Porkn Beans," purchased in the 2001 Pigs on Parade fundraiser. Starbucks now owns the Seattles Best Coffee (SBC) brand, which traces its history back to Stewart Brothers Coffee, which arrived in the Market several months before Starbucks was founded. On March 8, 2011, the store was the site of a NASDAQ opening bell ringing as Starbucks (which trades on the market as SBUX) kicked off its 40th year anniversary.</p><br>
<p>After more than 30 years in the Market, the herbal apothecary Tenzing Momo has become an institution both for obtaining herbs and advice on their use. Founded in 1977, the name (which is Tibetan) means "divine dumpling". Nearby, Market Spice (founded 1911) sells slightly less exotic herbal substances.</p><br>
<p>The Market Heritage Center at 1531 Western Avenue is a small museum about the history of the Market.</p><br>
<h3>Rachel and Pigs on Parade</h3><br>
<p>Pike Place Markets unofficial mascot, Rachel, a bronze cast piggy bank that weighs 550 lb, has been located since 1986 at the corner of Pike Place under the "Public Market Center" sign. Rachel was designed by local artist Georgia Gerber and modeled after a pig (also named Rachel) that lived on Whidbey Island and was the 1977 Island County prize-winner. Rachel receives roughly US$6,000–$9,000 annually in just about every type of world currency, which is collected by the Market Foundation to fund the Markets social services.</p><br>
<p>Rachel provided the theme for the Pigs on Parade fundraiser that was first held in 2001 and was one of several events in various cities modeled on a similar 1998 event in Zurich; the Zurich event centered on cows and was the first of what have come to be known as CowParades. A similar Pigs On Parade fundraiser was held in 2007 on the occasion of the Market centennial, which happened to coincide with the Chinese zodiac Year of the Pig.</p><br>
<h3>Buskers</h3><br>
<p>Since at least the 1960s, Pike Place Market has been known for street entertainers. Besides the aforementioned virtuoso spoons player, Market performers in years past or present have included steel guitarist Baby Gramps, who routinely hauls around a 64-key spinet piano; retro-jazzer Howlin Hobbit, who more often settles for an easily carried ukulele; klezmer influenced musicians the Bus Tunnel Bandits, and hoop busker musician, chairman of the Market’s Performer’s Guild. blind autoharpist and singer Jeanne Towne; Kirsten "Mother Zosima" Anderberg, who for many years sang feminist and other political songs while dressed in a nuns habit; a cappella gospel singers Brother Willie and the Market Crew; the old-timey Tallboys; Johnny Cash sound-alike Vince Mira; the eclectic jazz-tinged sounds and painfully bad jokes of Amber Tide (Thaddeus Spae and his late wife Sandahbeth); alternative-jazz-pop singer-songwriter Alyse Black, and the late folksinger Jim Hinde, a Vietnam War veteran and PTSD survivor.</p><br>
<p>Jump blues musician PK Dwyer is credited with forming the first-ever street band to busk at the Market. He formed that band, Felix & the Freelicks, shortly after he arrived in the Pacific Northwest in 1971. The band evolved into various other alignments, including (successively) the Dynamic Logs, the Jitters, Throbbing Gems, the Royal Famille du Caniveaux / Gutter People of Paris, all of whom played at the Market. Some of these alignments also included Ron Bailey; the Dynamic Logs included Orville Johnson as well. The band, Morrison Boomer, is a more recent staple and known to record live music at the market.</p><br>
<h3>Dining and drinking in the Market</h3><br>
<p>While one can easily graze ones way through the Market food stalls and shops, the Pike Place Market offers numerous other eating (and drinking) options. The once endemic workingmens and sailors&#39; taverns are gone; at roughly opposite corners of the Market, the Virginia Inn (founded as Virginia Bar, approximately 1908; operated as a cardroom during Prohibition, then Virginia Inn; passed into current management 1980 and slowly gentrified) and Place Pigalle (originally Lotus Inn, name dates from 1950s, remodeled 1982) retain their names, but both have gone upmarket. The Athenian Inn in the Main Market traces its history back to a 1909 bakery and is a relatively ungentrified bar and restaurant. Three Girls Bakery dates back to 1912 and may have been the first Seattle business started by women. While it is not in its original Corner Market location, no longer bakes on premises, and its current owner Jack Levy is a man, it still sells a vast variety of baked goods, does a brisk business in takeaway sandwiches, and has an old-style lunch counter.</p><br>
<p>For a different type of dining experience, the Pink Door (founded 1981), entered by a nearly unmarked door on upper Post Alley, is a favorite first-date restaurant, with solid Italian food, a fantasia of a dining room, a bar that sometimes features live jazz, and an outdoor deck overlooking Elliott Bay. Another restaurant combining Italian food and romantic ambience is the Il Bistro, located below grade in the Economy Market, off the winding cobblestones of Lower Post Alley. When it was founded in 1977 it was played an important role in the rise of fine dining in Seattle.</p><br>
<p>Other longstanding Market restaurants and bars include Lowells (founded 1957), an old Main Market standby self-described as "almost classy&quot French bistro Maximilien, founded in 1975 by François Kissel, owned since 1997 by host Axel Macé and chef Eric Francy, and highly praised by Julia Child; and the Copacabana (founded 1964), Seattles only Bolivian restaurant, upstairs in the Triangle Market with a balcony overlooking Pike Place.</p><br>
<h2>Notable people</h2><br>
<p>Frank Goodwin and his brothers developed most of the core Market buildings. He was largely responsible for the decision to keep ornament to a minimum, in order to keep the emphasis on the products rather than the institution and in order not to scare off people looking for good prices on their produce. Upon his retirement in 1925, his nephew Arthur Goodwin took over most of the Market ownership, selling some shares to people outside of the family.</p><br>
<p>Giuseppe Desimone was born about 40 mi east of Naples, Italy. He arrived in America from Italy as a stowaway, but soon became a successful farmer with land in South Park, Tukwila and the Kent Valley along the Green River. A longtime Market vendor, Desimone was one of those who bought shares in the Market in 1925 and eventually became its owner by slowly buying out Arthur Goodwin. He was president of the Market until his death in 1946. Outside of the Market, he is credited with keeping Boeing in the Seattle area in 1936 by selling them a large tract of land for a nominal fee.</p><br>
<p>His son Richard Desimone succeeded him as president of the market and served in that position until 1974. He kept the Market alive in dark times for farmers&#39; markets, doing nearly all business on handshake deals rather than through formal leases. He later served on the Market Historical Commission.</p><br>
<p>Victor Steinbrueck was the leading architect-activist in defining the Pike Market neighborhood, and artist Mark Tobey in visualizing and recording, in developing his "Northwest Mystic" style of the internationally recognized Northwest School of art. Internationally recognized in the 1940s, Tobey explored the neighborhood with his art in the 1950s and early 1960s, as the area was being increasingly characterized by the Seattle Establishment as overdue for urban renewal, particularly replacement with a parking garage, high-rise housing and modern, upscale retail.</p><br>
<p>George Rolfe, the first director of the Pike Place Market Preservation and Development Authority (PDA), played a key role in the economic revitalization of the Market after it was saved by the 1971 referendum. It was under his management that the direction of automobile traffic on Pike Place was reversed and the pedestrian-friendly brick paving was introduced. Rolfe also emphasized the construction of pedestrian routes to the waterfront so that the Market became the center of a pedestrian network.</p><br>
<p>For many years, Sol "The Cod Father" Amon of Pure Food Fish has been the longest-tenured vendor at Pike Place Market. His father, Jack Amon, began selling fish in the Market in 1911 as a partner in the Philadelphia Fish Market. From about 1920 to 1935, he owned and operated the American Fish Company. In 1951 he bought the Pure Food Fish Company (founded 1917–1918), which Sol Amon largely took over in 1956. Sol had worked in the Market since 1947 and has been sole proprietor of Pure Food Fish since his fathers death in 1966. He can often be seen outside his stall chatting with visitors and helping them choose their fish, including a brisk tourist trade in salmon packed to travel. The Seattle City Council honored him in 2006 on the 50th anniversary of his taking over the business: they named him "King of the Market" and permanently designated April 11 as Sol Amon Day. Amon is a longtime major supporter of the Market Foundation. On the first Sol Amon Day in 2006, Amon donated all of the days profits from Pure Food Fish to the foundation.</p><br>
<p>Walter DeMarsh of Mobeta Shoes has made custom shoes for people with foot disfigurements and deformities since 1979.</p><br>
<h2>Notable buildings</h2><br>
<p>Few of the historic buildings in the Pike-Market neighborhood (and none of the Market buildings as such) are individually designated as landmarks or registered as historic places. Buildings included in the federally and locally designated historic districts gain most of the benefits that would accrue from individual designation, so there is little reason to go through the difficult process of obtaining separate designation.</p><br>
<h3>Market buildings</h3><br>
<p>The Market began on a boardwalk adjacent to the 3-story Leland Hotel (1900, architect unknown). The Leland was incorporated in 1907 by engineer John Goodwin into the Main Arcade. In 1914–1915 he and architect Andrew Willatsen extended this complex further into the Fairley Building, which includes Lowells, the Athenian, and the "Down Under". The complex was rehabilitated in 1977 by George Bartholick. As of 2008, the upper two stories of the Leland continue to be housing. Together, all of these constitute todays Main Market.</p><br>
<p>The two-story Triangle Market (Thompson & Thompson, 1908; rehabilitation by Fred Bassetti & Co., 1977) originally housed the South Park Poultry Company. The 1977 rehabilitation joined it with the adjacent 3-story Silver Oakum Building (unknown, 1910; Bassetti, 1977). The Outlook Hotel (now LaSalle Hotel; architect unknown; rehabilitation by Bartholick, 1977) also dates from 1908. A legitimate seamans and workingmans hotel until 1942, its Japanese American operators Rosuke and T.K. Kodama were forcibly interned during World War II. Nellie Curtis took it over, changed the name, and ran it as a brothel into the 1950s. Since 1977 the building has been joined to the adjacent Cliff House (c. 1901), and largely devoted to low-income housing. Shops and the Market PDA office are on the ground floor. Its roof provides outdoor seating for the restaurant Maximilien.</p><br>
<p>The Sanitary Market (Daniel Huntington, 1910; reconstructed 1942, McClelland and Jones; rehabilitated and extended 1981, Bassetti Norton Metler) reputedly was so named for its innovation at the time, that no horses were allowed inside. A fire on December 15, 1941, eight days after the attack on Pearl Harbor, severely damaged the building. Although the true cause of the fire was never determined, newspapers at the time speculated that the Japanese were to blame. The building was reconstructed as a 2-story building with rooftop parking. Nearly four decades later the parking lot was eliminated, replaced by two floors of residences.</p><br>
<p>The North Arcade (1911 and 1922, John Goodwin; rehabilitation by Bartholick, 1977) constituted a major northward extension of the Main Market, extending it 1,200 ft to the northwest and adding 160 covered stalls.</p><br>
<p>The 3-story Corner Market building (Harlan Thomas & Clyde Grainger 1912; rehabilitation by Karlis Rekevics, 1975) sits on the right as one enters the Market along Pike Street. In its early years it included daystalls, and the businesses facing onto First Avenue were open-fronted. The Three Girls Bakery, the first known business in the Corner Market, is now located in the adjacent Sanitary Market. The basement was home to Patti Summers&#39; jazz club for over two decades before becoming Can Can in 2006; the building is also home to anarchist bookstore Left Bank Books, as well as numerous other businesses.</p><br>
<p>Across Pike Street from the Corner Market is the Economy Market (unknown, 1900, as Bartell Building; remodeled by John Goodwin & Andrew Willatsen 1916; rehabilitation by Bartholick, 1978). The 1978 rehabilitation occurred in conjunction with the construction of the adjacent South Arcade at the corner of First Avenue and Union Street (Olsen / Walker, 1985). The South Arcade lies outside of the protected historic Market areas. It includes condominium apartments, but also the Pike Pub & Brewery and several other retail businesses of a similar character to those within the Market boundaries. Its owner, Harbor Properties, describes it a "adjacent to" the Market.</p><br>
<p>The Joe Desimone Bridge across Western Avenue originally connected the North Arcade to the Municipal Market Building (unknown, 1922 or 1924; demolished after a 1974 fire). The bridge is now enclosed on three sides (1985, James Cutler Architects) and used for craft-priority daystalls.</p><br>
<p>Other old buildings in the Market include the Champion Building (unknown, 1928; rehabilitation by the Champion/Turner Partnership 1977), originally a garage for the Dollar Cab Company, then a meat packing company, now ground floor retail with offices above; the Soames-Dunn Building (unknown, 1918; rehabilitation by Arne Bystrom 1976), once home to Dunns Seeds and Soames Paper Company (who supplied paper bags to farmers selling in the Market), now retail, including the "original" Starbucks; Stewart House Hotel (unknown, 1902–1911; rehabilitation by Ibsen Nelson & Associates, 1982), a former workingmens hotel, now retail and low-income housing; Seattle Garden Center (W. C. Geary, 1908; Art Deco details added 1930s; rehabilitation and addition, Arne Bystrom 1976) was once the Gem Egg Market and now houses Sur le Table; and the Fix-Madore Building (1916, unknown; rehabilitation by Bumgardner Partnership 1979), now an office and retail building on the west side of Western Avenue, connected to the Main Market by a footbridge.</p><br>
<p>Newer buildings in the Market include the Post Alley Market at First and Pine (Bassetti Norton Metler, 1983), the Inn at the Market (Ibsen Nelson & Associates, 1985); and The Pike and Virginia Building (Olson/Walker, 1978); and the Market Heritage Center (Scot Carr & Thomas Schaer, 1999). All of these echo at aspects of the architecture of the historic Market buildings. The Pike Hill Climb (Calvin and Gorasht, 1976) connects the Market to the waterfront; it occupies the same corridor that once (roughly 1911–1935) held a wooden overpass used by farmers to bring produce up to the Market after arriving by boat.</p><br>
<h3>Listed buildings near the Market</h3><br>
<p>Along the southwest side of First Avenue, within the present-day historic district but outside of the original Market, the Alaska Trade Building (1915), 1915–1919 1st Avenue and the Late Victorian style Butterworth Building (originally the Butterworth mortuary, 1903), 1921 1st Avenue, are both listed in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). Outside the historic districts but within the City Clerk&#39;s definition of the Pike-Market neighborhood are the J. S. Graham Store (1919, designed by A. E. Doyle), 119 Pine Street; and the USA Immigration Building (1915), 84 Union Street. Other NRHP-listed buildings near the Market but outside of those boundaries include the Guiry and Schillestad Building (Young Hotel or Guiry Building 1903, Mystic Hotel or Schillestad Building 1908), 2101–2111 1st Avenue; the Renaissance-style New Washington Hotel (now Josephinum Hotel, built 1900–1949), 1902 Second Avenue; and the Moore Theatre and Hotel (1907), 1932 2nd Avenue.</p><br>
<p>Also in the Pike-Market neighborhood but outside the historic districts are at least two city-designated landmark not on the NRHP: the Terminal Sales Building (1923–1925), 1932 1st Avenue; and Pier 59, now home to the Seattle Aquarium.</p><br>
<h2>Nearby attractions</h2><br>
<p>The Moore Theatre (1907) on the corner of 2nd Avenue at Virginia Street is the oldest still-active theater in Seattle.</p><br>
<p>The Seattle Aquarium (1977) is on the waterfront at Pier 59. In 1979 an OMNIMAX theatre (now Seattle IMAXDome) opened at the Aquarium, at the time one of only about half a dozen in the world. The theater is an early tilted dome iteration of IMAX.</p><br>
<p>Besides Pier 59 (built 1893; pier shed built 1905), the nearby waterfront includes the turn-of-the-century piers 57 (built 1902), 62 (built 1901), and 63 (built 1905). The city purchased Piers 57–61 in 1978 after the central waterfront had been abandoned by freight shipping for years, supplanted by container shipping. Pier 58 was removed to build Waterfront Park, and Pier 57 was traded in 1989 for Piers 62 and 63. The latter two piers had long since lost their sheds (which were similar to the one on Pier 59). For many years they were the site of the Summer Nights at the Pier concert series, but the "aged and deteriorating" piers can no longer handle the weight of a stage and a crowd. As of 2006, the city is considering plans to replace these piers. Historic Piers 60 and 61 were removed for successive aquarium expansions.</p><br>
<p>Samuel Lewis House in Bozeman, Montana, United States, was built in 1881. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
<p>Samuel Lewis was the older brother of artist Edmonia Lewis. He was born in Haiti in 1835, grew up in upstate New York and became a barber in San Francisco, eventually moving to mining camps in Idaho and Montana. In 1868, he settled in the city of Bozeman, where he set up a barber shop on Main Street. He prospered, eventually investing in commercial real estate, and subsequently built his own home which still stands at 308 South Bozeman Avenue. In 1884, he married Mrs. Melissa Railey Bruce, a widow with six children; they had one son, Samuel E. Lewis (1886-1914), who married but died childless. The elder Lewis died after "a short illness" in 1896 and is buried in Sunset Hills Cemetery in Bozeman.</p><br>
<p>Flat Witch Island, also known as Little Witch Island, is an island located close to the south-western coast of Tasmania, Australia. The 64 hectare island is part of the Maatsuyker Islands Group, and comprises part of the Southwest National Park and the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Site.</p><br>
<p>The island&#39;s highest point is 100 m above sea level.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>The island is part of the Maatsuyker Island Group Important Bird Area, identified as such by BirdLife International because of its importance as a breeding site for seabirds. Recorded breeding seabird and wader species are the little penguin (400 pairs), short-tailed shearwater (500,000 pairs), fairy prion (10,000 pairs), common diving-petrel (100 pairs), Pacific gull, silver gull and sooty oystercatcher. The swamp antechinus has been recorded. Australian and New Zealand fur seals use a haul-out site on the south side of the island, and the latter species has bred there in small numbers. The Tasmanian tree skink is present.</p><br>
